"[107] In another review of Raine's 2006 book, the literary critic Terry Eagleton also questioned the validity of Raine's defence of Eliot's character flaws as well as the entire basis for Raine's book, writing, "Why do critics feel a need to defend the authors they write on, like doting parents deaf to all criticism of their obnoxious children? "[70] It is Eliot's major poem of the late 1920s. When Harvard offered him the Charles Eliot Norton professorship for the 1932–1933 academic year, he accepted and left Vivienne in England. T.S. "[27] Less than four months later, Thayer introduced Eliot to Vivienne Haigh-Wood, a Cambridge governess. He attended lectures by Henri Bergson and read poetry with Henri Alban-Fournier. After Eliot's death, Valerie dedicated her time to preserving his legacy, by editing and annotating The Letters of T. S. Eliot and a facsimile of the draft of The Waste Land. "[109] Eliot never re-published this book/lecture. She also wrote a biography, some religious poems, and a dramatic poem (1926), with a preface by her already widely respected youngest child, Thomas. [4][5], Born in St. Louis, Missouri, to a prominent Boston Brahmin family, he moved to England in 1914 at the age of 25 and went on to settle, work and marry there. [52], Eliot died of emphysema at his home in Kensington in London, on 4 January 1965,[53] and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium. Dismissing this view, Eliot commented in 1931, "When I wrote a poem called The Waste Land, some of the more approving critics said that I had expressed ‘the disillusion of a generation’, which is nonsense. Although Eliot was still legally her husband, he never visited her. In 1920, he published more poems in Ara Vos Prec (London) and Poems: 1920 (New York). [73] "The Hollow Men" contains some of Eliot's most famous lines, notably its conclusion: This is the way the world endsNot with a bang but a whimper. [54] In accordance with his wishes, his ashes were taken to St Michael and All Angels' Church, East Coker, the village in Somerset from which his Eliot ancestors had emigrated to America. [74], Many critics were particularly enthusiastic about "Ash-Wednesday". [8] In his memoir of Eliot, his friend Robert Sencourt comments that the young Eliot "would often curl up in the window-seat behind an enormous book, setting the drug of dreams against the pain of living. Henry Ware Eliot, the father of T. S. Eliot, became chairman of the board of a brick company and served the cultural institutions his father had helped found, as well as others. Similar to Eliot's other works, its themes are overlapping and fragmentary. [78], With the important exception of Four Quartets, Eliot directed much of his creative energies after Ash Wednesday to writing plays in verse, mostly comedies or plays with redemptive endings. T.S. [101], The depiction of Jews in some of Eliot's poems has led several critics to accuse him of antisemitism. Eliot was descended from a distinguished New England family that had relocated to St. Louis, Missouri. [12] Also published there in April 1905 was his oldest surviving poem in manuscript, an untitled lyric, later revised and reprinted as "Song" in The Harvard Advocate, Harvard University's student magazine. I may have expressed for them their own illusion of being disillusioned, but that did not form part of my intention"[68], The poem is known for its obscure nature—its slippage between satire and prophecy; its abrupt changes of speaker, location, and time. Nevertheless, he concluded, "Ultimately, as both Raine and, to do him justice, Julius insist, however much Eliot may have been compromised as a person, as we all are in our several ways, his greatness as a poet remains. From the Sanskrit ending of The Waste Land to the "What Krishna meant" section of Four Quartets shows how much Indic religions and more specifically Hinduism made up his philosophical basic for his thought process. Eliot’s criticism and poetry are so interwoven that it is difficult to discuss them separately. Thomas Stearns Eliot was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on September 26, 1888. From Smith Academy in St. Louis he went to Milton, in Massachusetts; from Milton he entered Harvard in 1906; he received a B.A. [99] But during this post-war period, others, like Ronald Bush, observed that this time also marked the beginning of the decline in Eliot's literary influence: As Eliot's conservative religious and political convictions began to seem less congenial in the postwar world, other readers reacted with suspicion to his assertions of authority, obvious in Four Quartets and implicit in the earlier poetry. He would like to be something of a popular entertainer and be able to think his own thoughts behind a tragic or a comic mask. quoted in Roger Kimball, "A Craving for Reality". Eliot's dedication to il miglior fabbro ("the better craftsman") refers to Ezra Pound's significant hand in editing and reshaping the poem from a longer Eliot manuscript to the shortened version that appears in publication. "[78], The Four Quartets draws upon Christian theology, art, symbolism and language of such figures as Dante, and mystics St. John of the Cross and Julian of Norwich. The couple formally separated in 1933 and in 1938 Vivienne's brother, Maurice, had her committed to a mental hospital, against her will, where she remained until her death of heart disease in 1947. Who Was T.S. He was somewhat self-deprecating and minimising of his work and once said his criticism was merely a "by-product" of his "private poetry-workshop", but the critic William Empson once said, "I do not know for certain how much of my own mind [Eliot] invented, let alone how much of it is a reaction against him or indeed a consequence of misreading him. His experiments in diction, style, and versification revitalized English poetry, and in a series of critical essays he shattered old orthodoxies and erected new ones. [44] When Eliot heard of the donation he deposited his own account of their relationship with Harvard University to be opened whenever the Princeton letters were. [19] Frank Kermode writes that the most important moment of Eliot's undergraduate career was in 1908 when he discovered Arthur Symons's The Symbolist Movement in Literature. T.S. T.S. The wholeness is there, from the very beginning. Sometimes referred to as Eliot's "conversion poem", it is richly but ambiguously allusive, and deals with the aspiration to move from spiritual barrenness to hope for human salvation. It was defeated by two votes after Eliot reminded the students how much they owed American culture.[23]. In 1954, the composer Alan Rawsthorne set six of the poems for speaker and orchestra in a work titled Practical Cats. The great essay on Dante appeared two years after Eliot was confirmed in the Church of England (1927); in that year he also became a British subject. The phrase has been attacked, yet the historical fact that gave rise to it cannot be denied, and with the poetry of Eliot and Pound it had a strong influence in reviving interest in certain 17th-century poets. T.S. Out of darkness, Eliot offers a solution: "I said to my soul, be still, and wait without hope. [11] His first published poem, "A Fable For Feasters", was written as a school exercise and was published in the Smith Academy Record in February 1905. His experiments in diction, style, and versification revitalized English poetry, and in a series of critical essays he shattered old orthodoxies and erected new ones. [102][103] In "Gerontion", Eliot writes, in the voice of the poem's elderly narrator, "And the jew squats on the window sill, the owner [of my building] / Spawned in some estaminet of Antwerp. He studied at Harvard College from 1906 to 1909, earning a Bachelor of Arts in an elective program similar to comparative literature in 1909 and a Master of Arts in English literature the following year. For a year Eliot taught French and Latin at the Highgate School; in 1917 he began his brief career as a bank clerk in Lloyds Bank Ltd. Published in 1922, the 434-line poem first appeared in the United Kingdom in the October issue of Eliot's The Criterion and in the United States in the November issue of The Dial. In a series of lectures delivered at the University of Virginia in 1933, published under the title After Strange Gods: A Primer of Modern Heresy (1934), Eliot wrote of societal tradition and coherence, "What is still more important [than cultural homogeneity] is unity of religious background, and reasons of race and religion combine to make any large number of free-thinking Jews undesirable. Eliot's style of writing in "Ash-Wednesday" showed a marked shift from the poetry he had written prior to his 1927 conversion, and his post-conversion style continued in a similar vein. That I'm sure of. [96] John Crowe Ransom wrote negative criticisms of Eliot's work but also had positive things to say. [3] Later he taught at the Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, a state school in Buckinghamshire. Without Verlaine, Eliot wrote, he might never have heard of Tristan Corbière and his book Les amours jaunes, a work that affected the course of Eliot's life. From this background, the Quartets end with an affirmation of Julian of Norwich: "All shall be well and / All manner of thing shall be well. This first edition had an illustration of the author on the cover. "[9] Secondly, Eliot credited his hometown with fuelling his literary vision: "It is self-evident that St. Louis affected me more deeply than any other environment has ever done. [33] In 1925 Eliot left Lloyds to become a director in the publishing firm Faber and Gwyer, later Faber and Faber, where he remained for the rest of his career. Brand, Clinton A. He is a very penetrating influence, perhaps not unlike the east wind. In 1925, he collected The Waste Land and the poems in Prufrock and Poems into one volume and added The Hollow Men to form Poems: 1909–1925. As he was often isolated, his love for literature developed. Also in The Sacred Wood, “Hamlet and His Problems” sets forth Eliot’s theory of the objective correlative: The only way of expressing emotion in the form of art is by finding an “objective correlative”; in other words, a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula for that particular emotion; such that, when the external facts, which must terminate in sensory experience, are given, the emotion is immediately evoked. The poem's groundwork of orthodox Christianity discomfited many of the more secular literati. Despite this criticism, these scholars also acknowledge "[Eliot's] poetic cunning, his fine craftsmanship, his original accent, his historical and representative importance as the poet of the modern symbolist-Metaphysical tradition". Meanwhile, he was also a prolific reviewer and essayist in both literary criticism and technical philosophy. One: the Church of England offered Eliot some hope for himself, and I think Eliot needed some resting place. [13] He also published three short stories in 1905, "Birds of Prey", "A Tale of a Whale" and "The Man Who Was King". Their relationship became the subject of a 1984 play Tom & Viv, which in 1994 was adapted as a film of the same name. Eliot, in full Thomas Stearns Eliot, (born September 26, 1888, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.—died January 4, 1965, London, England), American-English poet, playwright, literary critic, and editor, a leader of the Modernist movement in poetry in such works as The Waste Land (1922) and Four Quartets (1943). The poet writing in English may therefore make his own tradition by using materials from any past period, in any language. His undergraduate poems were “literary” and conventional. "[2] Some critics, like Edmund Wilson, Conrad Aiken, and Gilbert Seldes thought it was the best poetry being written in the English language while others thought it was esoteric and wilfully difficult. "Burnt Norton" is a meditative poem that begins with the narrator trying to focus on the present moment while walking through a garden, focusing on images and sounds such as the bird, the roses, clouds and an empty pool. "In a peculiar sense [an artist or poet] ... must inevitably be judged by the standards of the past. He was educated at Harvard and did graduate work in philosophy at the Sorbonne, Harvard, and Merton College, Oxford. Although Eliot noted that this was not intended to be a one-act play, it is sometimes performed as one. Eliot, the 1948 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, is one of the giants of modern literature, highly distinguished as a poet, literary critic, dramatist, and editor and publisher. [However] his range as a poet [was] limited, and his interest in the great middle ground of human experience (as distinct from the extremes of saint and sinner) [was] deficient." The poem’s original manuscript of about 800 lines was cut down to 433 at the suggestion of Ezra Pound. [3] He was also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral (1935) and The Cocktail Party (1949). Eliot said that the poet-critic must write “programmatic criticism”—that is, criticism that expresses the poet’s own interests as a poet, quite different from historical scholarship, which stops at placing the poet in his background. [39][40] About 30 years later Eliot commented on his religious views that he combined "a Catholic cast of mind, a Calvinist heritage, and a Puritanical temperament". In this poem, Eliot wrote, "The rats are underneath the piles. In 1913 he read Bradley’s Appearance and Reality; by 1916 he had finished, in Europe, a dissertation entitled “Knowledge and Experience in the Philosophy of F.H. [72] The "continuous parallel between contemporaneity and antiquity" that is so characteristic of his mythical method remained in fine form. [48][49] Hayward also collected Eliot's pre-Prufrock verse, commercially published after Eliot's death as Poems Written in Early Youth. I feel that there is something in having passed one's childhood beside the big river, which is incommunicable to those people who have not. Biography TS Eliot was arguably the 20th century's most important poet. Eliot was to pursue four careers: editor, dramatist, literary critic, and philosophical poet. The play featured "Sweeney", a character who had appeared in a number of his poems. Eliot of being obscure," wrote Time magazine of Thomas Stearns Eliot , author of The Waste Land and "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock." The writer Ronald Bush notes that Eliot's early poems like "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock", "Portrait of a Lady", "La Figlia Che Piange", "Preludes", and "Rhapsody on a Windy Night" had "[an] effect [that] was both unique and compelling, and their assurance staggered [Eliot's] contemporaries who were privileged to read them in manuscript. [3][25], Before leaving the US, Eliot had told Emily Hale that he was in love with her; he exchanged letters with her from Oxford during 1914 and 1915 but they did not meet again until 1927. Eliot grew up within th… . "The fact that these things occurred to the mind of Mr. Eliot is surely of the very smallest importance to anyone, even to himself. [32] Eliot and Wyndham Lewis also maintained a close friendship, leading to Lewis's later making his well-known portrait painting of Eliot in 1938. "[87], Eliot's essays were a major factor in the revival of interest in the metaphysical poets. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. After having six children, she turned her energies to education and legal safeguards for the young. Eliot? Thomas Stearns Eliot was a playwright, poet, publisher, essayist, and literary critic. [12], A pageant play by Eliot called The Rock was performed in 1934 for the benefit of churches in the Diocese of London. Below is a partial list of honours and awards received by Eliot or bestowed or created in his honour. [55] A wall plaque in the church commemorates him with a quotation from his poem East Coker: "In my beginning is my end. "[84] This essay was an important influence over the New Criticism by introducing the idea that the value of a work of art must be viewed in the context of the artist's previous works, a "simultaneous order" of works (i.e., "tradition"). His style became less ironic, and the poems were no longer populated by multiple characters in dialogue. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, then went to college in Harvard. Henry Ware Eliot, the father of T. S. Eliot, became chairman of the board of a brick company and served the cultural institutions his father had helped found, as well as others. In his earlier poems Eliot had shown himself to be a master of the poetic phrase. Conversion to Anglicanism and British citizenship. Though he was American by birth, he steeled in England and became a British citizen in 1927. Eliot’s masterpiece is Four Quartets, which was issued as a book in 1943, though each “quartet” is a complete poem. [37][38] He specifically identified as Anglo-Catholic, proclaiming himself "classicist in literature, royalist in politics, and anglo-catholic [sic] in religion". Eliot and the Dialectic of Modernism, University of Massachusetts Press, 1996, p. 172. The stone, cut by designer Reynolds Stone, is inscribed with his life dates, his Order of Merit, and a quotation from his poem Little Gidding, "the communication / of the dead is tongued with fire beyond / the language of the living. They were married at Hampstead Register Office on 26 June 1915. After leaving Merton, Eliot worked as a schoolteacher, most notably at Highgate School, a private school in London, where he taught French and Latin—his students included the young John Betjeman. The significance of the revolution is still disputed, but the striking similarity to the Romantic revolution of Coleridge and Wordsworth is obvious: Eliot and Pound, like their 18th-century counterparts, set about reforming poetic diction. For instance, the editors of The Norton Anthology of English Literature write, "There is no disagreement on [Eliot's] importance as one of the great renovators of the English poetry dialect, whose influence on a whole generation of poets, critics, and intellectuals generally was enormous. As for a comparative study of this short story and, St Michael and All Angels' Church, East Coker, Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948 – T.S. [81][82], Regarding his method of playwriting, Eliot explained, "If I set out to write a play, I start by an act of choice. Exceptions are Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats (1939), a collection of light verse; Poems Written in Early Youth, posthumously published in 1967 and consisting mainly of poems published between 1907 and 1910 in The Harvard Advocate, and Inventions of the March Hare: Poems 1909–1917, material Eliot never intended to have published, which appeared posthumously in 1997. [3][21] Whilst a member of the Harvard Graduate School, Eliot met and fell in love with Emily Hale. The Eliots were a Boston Brahmin family with roots in England and New England. https://www.britannica.com/biography/T-S-Eliot, Poetry Foundation - Biography of T. S. Eliot, The Nobel Prize - Biography of T.S. Retrieved 25 February 2012. Mr T. S. Eliot and Miss E. V. Fletcher", "T.S. Eliot (September 26, 1888–January 4, 1965) was an American-born poet, essayist, publisher, playwright, and critic. In the academic year 1909–10 he was an assistant in philosophy at Harvard. It reaches out like a clear signal to the reader." He was probably the most erudite poet of his time in the English language. "[83], In his critical essay "Tradition and the Individual Talent", Eliot argues that art must be understood not in a vacuum, but in the context of previous pieces of art. The revised edition of Lyndall Gordon’s biography (2012) is a comprehensive account of Eliot’s life, dealing mainly with his life in England, and including five appendices plus a profusion of Notes. [34][35] At Faber and Faber, he was responsible for publishing important English poets like W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender, and Ted Hughes. [22][26] In a letter to Aiken late in December 1914, Eliot, aged 26, wrote, "I am very dependent upon women (I mean female society). [97], Addressing some of the common criticisms directed against The Waste Land at the time, Gilbert Seldes stated, "It seems at first sight remarkably disconnected and confused... [however] a closer view of the poem does more than illuminate the difficulties; it reveals the hidden form of the work, [and] indicates how each thing falls into place."[98]. 2) Eliot was the youngest of seven children, and his parents were prosperous and secure. He would like to convey the pleasures of poetry, not only to a larger audience but to larger groups of people collectively; and the theatre is the best place in which to do it. Edmund Wilson, being one of the critics who praised Eliot, called him "one of our only authentic poets". It represented a break with the immediate past as radical as that of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth in Lyrical Ballads (1798). 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