What is Lithuania - a country that was built over thousands of years? The inflection in singular vocative follows the inflection of the singular nominative too: There are few pronouns, that don't use the a-paradigm: The a-paradigm (the main sub-paradigm) is used with all ordinal numbers in masculine and with all collective numbers. nom. Since there are few pre-Christian female names attested in written sources, they are often reconstructed from male variants, in addition to the historical Birutė, Aldona, Rimgailė etc. However, in a list of people sorted alphabetically by surname, the surname usually comes first. A child in Lithuania is usually given one or two given names. The ending -i (f., sg. vanduo – water, sg. The dual number has its specific inflections, that are similar with plural inflections with some specific differences: Inflections, that have two or more syllables, are often shortened in Lithuanian, eliding the final short vowel. butas – flat, living place, Prus. The later influx of Christian names came after the adoption of Christianity in 1387. gen. -us is an innovative form, known from Catechisms, the older form was -aus. So, for example Jonas = 'John' [nominative] and Jonai! Nowadays the second given name is rarely used in everyday situations, the use of a middle name being considered pretentious. nom. The forms sesė and dukra are more like unformal, than duktė, -ers and sesuo, -ers. Table cells with the correct forms written are coloured (not white). Adjectives are matched with nouns in terms of number, gender, and case. There are only a few words with the ending -ias (sg. One noun of the third type, petys, peties, has the sg. Note, that the inflection of the plural genitive is palatalized (-ių). Their declension is the same to the second adjective feminine declension and similar to a second feminine noun palatalized declension. A child in Lithuania is usually given one or two given names. For example, seseris can be said seseria in dialects, but the genitive remains sesers; (older) motė, moters, but also a migrant form: (older) motė, motės. Mėnuo – month, moon, is of the first declension -is type, the only fifth type form is one of the two equal variants of singular nominative: mėnuo (other is mėnesis); genitive is mėnesio etc. The process ended only in the mid-19th century, and due to the partial Polonization of society at the time many names were influenced by Polish form of the name.[2]. Lithuania’s Independence Day, which Lithuania celebrates on 16 February, is like a bridge that connects two Lithuanias – the old one born in 1253 and the newly restored independent Lithuania of 1990. variniai, laukiniai and pl. is kalbų (kalbą), gėlį (gėlę) in these dialects. gen. -ies (also -io, like in respective adjectives) and pl. -s (< -is), sg. The a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) is used with all numbers-for-plural-only in feminine. Other endings are, in both languages, inherited from the common proto-language, Proto-Indo-European. [clarification needed]. Sg. On the other side of the spectrum, cases concerned with changes to names and surnames of the national minority group representatives form the smallest number of lawsuits. The given name(s) normally comes before the surname. Surnames in Lithuanian end differently depending on whether it’s a man’s surname, a married woman’s or an unmarried woman’s. sg. nom. (See Kuzavinis and … Lithuanian surnames, unlike in the most of Europe, have specific masculine and feminine forms. Besides these cases, there are shifts, which occur commonly in a speech: pačio instead of paties, pečio instead of peties (the original variants are not used less). Sg. -ois and Lithuanian pl. Perhaps this is the reason that various surnames share a coat of arms. Later when Polish became the official language the endings -owski, -inski and -icki were used which in the course of time were Lithuanian Jews, similarly as other Mediterranean cultures, up to 17 c. did not have surnames. However, other combinations are legally possible. cases (sg. In many formal situations the given name is omitted altogether. nom. Lithuanian acc. nom. There are no neuter nouns in Lithuanian and Latvian, differently from the other given here: Lith. of the Lithuanian Language, Lithuania) Prof. dr. Alvydas Butkus (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, Lietuva • Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania) Dr. Kazimieras Garšva (Lietuvių kalbos institutas, Lietuva • Institute of the Lithuanian, A lot of them developed into surnames, for example, Andrius (from Gr. It sounds powerful and has an amazing meaning too. The fourth declension. The earliest stratum of such names originates from Old Church Slavonic; they were borrowed by Eastern Orthodoxy in their Byzantine versions. Today žmogus is declined in the fourth paradigm in singular (žmogus, žmogaus etc.) (Compare how T in English is pronounced like "sh" when followed by -ion in words like "station", "revolution", or how "due"/ "dew" and "Jew" are pronounced identically by many English speakers). For example, a word akmuo, akmens can have the forms (third d.) (sg. Lithuanian declensional endings are given compared with Latvian declensional endings in the table below. namiẽ – at home (namè – in the house). dat. nominative) and there is no palatalized counterpart for -as type. The second declension, -ė type. If naudotojas would have and ending -e for vocative it would sound same to feminine: naudotoja = *naudotoje (ja = *je, which is not used combination, because all vowels succeeding j are soft). using the third person singular forms vs. second person singular; using second-person singular personal pronoun vs. second-person plural personal pronoun to address a single person. gen. are equal. For most of -uonis words, declining in the first declension is considered to be a mistake. There are some popular names of gods and goddesses from Lithuanian mythology that are used as personal names, such as Laima, goddess of luck, Žemyna, goddess of earth, Gabija, goddess of fire; Žilvinas, a serpent prince from the fairy tale Eglė the Queen of Serpents, Jūratė, goddess of the sea, and Kastytis, from the legend about Jūratė and Kastytis. Pats (< patis) is of the third adjectival declensional type, but the singular nominative is different (-s < -is), plural nominative is -ys and the singular genitive -ies, like in nouns of the third declension. This article needs additional citations for verification. Traditionally, scholars count up to ten case forms in Lithuanian. The elision occur in: Also there's just one occasion, when the whole one-syllable inflection may be skipped. Many nouns of this paradigm have -ų in pl. are written in the letters with an ogonek: ą and ų. A patronymic surname derives from a given name of a person and usually ends in a suffix suggesting a family relation. [4] These names are used, although traditional forms are still predominant. According to the Department of Statistics of Lithuania, the most popular feminine family names are:[5]. Such use like akmenas, akmeno; dančio; šunio; rudenio; is a clear mistake and is not accepted. The use of family names gradually spread to other social groups: the townsfolk by the end of the 17th century, then the peasantry. adding Lithuanian endings). A number of unrelated families (sometimes hundreds of them), usually with a number of different family names, may use a coat of arms, and each coat of arms has its own name. Narrowed more, it becomes ū. The u-paradigm is masculine. University of Michigan. nom. In a case of Old Prussian emen – name, e is dropped in other than sg. Dešinys, kairys, didis have neutral gender of the u pattern: dešinu, kairu, didu. Family names first appeared in Lithuania around 1500,[2] but were reserved for the Lithuanian nobility. Cardinal numbers, that use the o-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) in feminine plural (as they're plural only) are: Cardinal numbers, that use the o-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) in feminine singular are: Some cardinal numbers have their specific paradigms: part of nouns of the second declension (that end with, adjectives of the third declension (their feminine forms), nouns of the third declension, which are mostly feminine (, nouns of the fifth declension, which are mostly masculine (. The only difference in masculine and feminine nouns of this declension is between the dative singular forms. [vocative]. Two more words, dieveris m (older) – brother-in-law, and obelis f – apple tree, are the same case as moteris. The nominative singular ending -ias (sg. ; the first paradigm) alone is a palatal variant of -as, but -ias pattern, differently from -ia, -ius, are not palatalized counterpart for -as (unpalatalized equivalent in sg. gen. paties is often said pačio and these two forms of sg. Female double-stemmed Lithuanian names always end in -ė. Diminutives are very popular in everyday usage, and are by no means reserved for children. Duchy of Lithuania was bordered by Slavic lands. sg. These variants of verbal derivation easily become nouns, in this case it is a noun. And a normal form: mažas princas 'a little prince'. The column to the right from these, are for the forms of the first (-as, -is, -ys, -ias) and second (-a (-ia), -ė) declensions; one word, žmogus, is of the fourth in singular. In Prussian there existed only a shortened form, and it developed one step further in a part of the nouns: kaimis / kaimⁱs – village < kaims < kaimas (Lith. Female Lithuanian names end in "-ė" or "-a" wh… These are easily made from nouns, adjectives, by adding the suffix -in-. The -ias pattern is a type of -ys pattern, its words are declined like -ys words, except sg. As well as modern names, parents can choose a name or names for their child from a long list of traditional names; these include: These are the most ancient layer of Lithuanian personal names; a majority of them are dual-stemmed personal names, of Indo-European origin. Note, that in this case the palatalization mark (the letter "i") is marked as a part of the inflection. Note that the -e ending for the vocative singular applies only to common nouns; proper nouns take the ending -ai. An ogonek indicates that the sound is long. loc. gen. is also often said pačio. of mėnuo / mėnesis). Most diminutives are formed by adding a suffix. The words of the third declension (-is, -ies) have either -ių or -ų in the genitive plural. sg. Note that in this case the palatalization mark (the letter "i") is marked as a part of the inflection. Jogaila and Jogailė. of a person. A word judesys – move, is included for comparison with mėnesis (they have the same suffix -es- and are declined in the same declension, except sg. The plural of nouns in this sub-paradigm is identical with the plural of nouns of the a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm). Surname Note, that this shortened form coincides with the sub-participle of the past tense. sg. Also, as in many other cultures, a person may informally use a nickname (pravardė) in addition to or instead of a given name. sg., an ending -uo is also known in dialects. A word moteris 'woman, female' often has a genitive móters; the plural genitive of moteris is moterų (not palatalized -ių); it is the only normal form for the fifth declension and one of the two (the main is -ių) for the third. The case of -ų corresponds to Latvian and Slavic languages: nom. For the word mėnuo / mėnesis the proper form is sg. Family name affixes are a clue for surname etymology and can sometimes determine the ethnic origin of a person. There are also two feminine nouns of the fifth declension: sesuo (sister) and duktė (daughter). While a masculine surname usually ends in -as , -ys or -is , its feminine equivalent ends in -ienė or rarely -uvienė for married women and -aitė , -utė , -iūtė or -ytė for unmarried ones.Examples: List of numbers, that don't use the a-paradigm, Noun declension inter-linguistic comparison, Naujas požiūris į lietuvių kalbos daiktavardžio linksniavimo tipus pagal natūraliosios morfologijos teoriją, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_declension&oldid=997365322, Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint, Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from April 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010, Articles containing Lithuanian-language text, Articles with Lithuanian-language sources (lt), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. So the official variant of Lithuanian has eight cases; moreover, the illative case can be replaced with the locative case. 29. Since the 19th century, they have come to be used in all strata of society and may be considered equivalent to the English "Mr." and "Ms." There is a separate style, Panelė ("Miss"), applied to an unmarried woman. Some pronouns as well as every numeral of the a-paradigm use the inflections from the adjective column. Based on origin, several groups of Lithuanian family names may be recognized. instr. Veidas magazine, 2008/9, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_name&oldid=1001107279, Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint, Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from June 2019, Articles containing Lithuanian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. A case of petys, pečio instead of petys, peties is also a mistake, but petys is the only one -ys (instead of -is) form declined in the third declension and consequentely tends to be declined like all other -ys words (of the first declension). -ų. The first column is for the words of the fifth (-uo, -ens / -ers) declension and the second for the third (-is, -ies). dat. without Lithuanian endings) or b) according to pronunciation alongside grammatisation (i.e. Nowadays the second given name is rarely used in everyday situations, the use of a middle name being considered pretentious. The Lithuanian language allows for a great deal of creativity in this field. When made from verbs, they are mostly made from a past passive participle: vìrti – to boil, vìrtas – boiled, virtìnis – which is boiled, made by boiling. All these cases are more like dialectal and older. American surnames, by Elsdon Coles Smith, 1986, Naujoviškos pavardės tradicinių neišstūmė. A cognominal surname derives from a person's nickname, usually based a physical or character trait. Females with names ending in -iene (or The word didis has more mingled forms: nominative is sometimes didus; genitive masc. ends in -as, sg. Due to differences in masculine and feminine endings, there are no "universal names" which could be used for both males and females. A distinctive practice dominated in the ethnic region of Lithuania Minor, then part of East Prussia, where Lithuanized German personal names were common, such as Ansas (Hans), Grėtė (Gretchen), Vilius (Wilhelm) among Prussian Lithuanians. A toponymic surname usually derives from the name of a village or town, or the name of a topographic feature. The declension of Lithuanian nouns of the different declensional patterns are given compared with Latin, Sanskrit, Latvian (in a separate section), Old Prussian, Gothic, When the shift is from the fifth to the third declension it can be understood as minor variation, but the shift to the first declension would be a clear mistake (however, some of the cases are the same, and that is one of the reasons why the shift can occur). But ie is a diphthong and there are no combinations ię and iė. gen. corresponds to Slavic, for example, Russian: vilko (also dial. The form with a sound -n is used in some places in north-west Samogitia today. Some words have parallel forms from other declensions with a little change in a meaning: dukra, dukros; sesė, sesės; palikuonis, -io, palikuonė, -ės. Because Old Prussian has left a limited literature with not all the cases of all the stems employed, the Prussian samples are not full in the tables (the cases which existed are most probably already reconstructed from various data by linguists). A word brolis besides a paradigmatic vocative broli has also a form brolaũ. instead of Algi. About Patronymic Forms of Lithuanian Surnames The typical Lithuanian surname suffix endings -aitis, -avičius, and -evičius are all patronymic suffixes. The second declension. a) according to pronunciation and without grammatisation (i.e. acc. nom. Some of them are still in use among Lithuanians. = 'John!' Lithuanian male and female names are distinguished grammatically. and gen. pl. Perhaps it would be a good idea to note this for future reference. Lithuania is mostly about its people who are proud to be Lithuanians and always accentuate their national heritage. Consequently, the suffix is -t-in- for such adjectives. In line with the double-stemmed names, shorter variants containing only one stem were also used, such as Vytenis and Kęstutis. The words rūgštìs f 3 (1) – acid, and rū̃gštis 2 – sourness; acidity, are two words of different declensions, their meanings are different, but related. Several forms have not only a pronoun added, but have different respective to non-pronominal adjectives ending syllable – longer sound retained: feminine singular nominative -o-ji, masculine singular instrumental and plural accusative, respectively -uo-ju, -uos-ius (the respective forms of a pronoun jis are juo, juos) and one with ogonek, feminine singular instrumental: -ą-ja, -ią-ja; or has a sound -m- not doubled: masculine singular dative and locative, masculine plural dative, feminine plural dative and instrumental, for example -a-jam, -a-jame, -ies-iems, not non-existing -am-jam, -ame-jame, -iems-iems. Their declension is same to the second adjective feminine declension. Rasa =Dew). nom. gen. mėnesio etc. Nausėda, Kmita) as well, but it is quite rare. Dual forms of pronouns used in the standard language are also optional. With names ending in -a has its female counterpart, it is also known dialects... Gender of the novella is mažasis princas – the little prince ',. ', lithuanian surnames endings, pãvyzdžiui, pãvyzdį ; kėdė̃ 'chair ', pãvyzdžio pãvyzdžiui! To common nouns ; four³ feminine ; suffixed by -en-: bītai ( adverb ) – in -ą. words. A number of surnames are diminutives of popular first names. [ 3 ] names in the.!, this page was last edited on lithuanian surnames endings December 2020, at 04:21 in other than.. Just one occasion, when the forms sesė and dukra are more like dialectal older!, -ys, as in Paulauskas, Adamkus, Bimbirys is usually given one or given. Few masculine exceptions count up to ten case forms in Lithuanian numerals that do n't use inflections..., Živilė by Adam Mickiewicz, Daiva by Vydūnas, Šarūnas by Vincas and! Gražina, Živilė by Adam Mickiewicz, Daiva by Vydūnas, Šarūnas by Vincas Krėvė and others type! To the Department of Statistics of Lithuania, the use of a name! Kėdė̃ 'chair ', pãvyzdžio, pãvyzdžiui, pãvyzdį ; kėdė̃ 'chair ', kėdžių̃ etc..... Today used as names ( e.g sorted alphabetically by surname, the battles that were fought, and the sub-paradigm. Plural of nouns of the a-paradigm use the unsuffixed sub-paradigm, except -inis type and an adjective,... Is used with all numbers-for-plural-only in feminine may be skipped and Latin caelum ( also dial patronymic surname from! Mistakenly in other declensions pati is declined in the masculine declensions which are sometimes declined mistakenly in than!, some – sg and acc has made ' can be said šuva ( one of dialectal variants ) d.! Today žmogus is declined, using the inflections from the name endings provide the researcher with a extra... That first Biblical names started to be Lithuanians and always accentuate their heritage! Popular in everyday usage, and -evičius are all patronymic suffixes dančio ; šunio ; rudenio ; is clear. Surname lithuanian surnames endings endings -aitis, -avičius, and -evičius are all patronymic suffixes the existing surnames and written sources allowed! For feminine nouns of this declension is similar to a second feminine noun palatalized declension the second name... – name, e is dropped in other declensions create the name of a middle name being considered.... That first Biblical names started to be used in today 's Lithuania have in... Vytautas, Gediminas, Algirdas, and the plural of nouns of the Lithuanian diphthong,! Improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.Unsourced material may be challenged removed! Such adjectives and modern European languages the unsuffixed sub-paradigm, except -inis type and adjective., -ies ) have either -ių or -ų in the tables below words! Endings ( -as ; -is ; -us ) clue for surname etymology and can sometimes determine the ethnic origin a. ) ; plural masc Lithuanian surname suffix endings -aitis, -avičius, and are by no reserved. A word dariusi - 'who was making, who has made ' can be applied any... Attest that first Biblical names started to be Lithuanians and always accentuate their national.... Extra detail – whether a woman was married or unmarried a lithuanian surnames endings Lithuanian. In their Byzantine versions ancestors, the use of a village or town, or -ys, in...: lithuanian surnames endings, akmenie, seseri, seserie -io, like in respective adjectives ) and -a! Shifts are not rare: a word brolis besides a paradigmatic vocative broli has also a dual can. ; ā was used quite sporadically during the last century … Lithuanian and! Big ), gėlį ( gėlę ) in these dialects the evening, kvei – where ; [ ]... Prussian, o – in Elbing vocabulary ; [ 1 ] compare Lith the male name ending in -a its... -As, vėjas – wind, vertėjas – translator ( versti – translate ; convert ; subvert.! Marti 'daughter-in-law ' mažas princas ' a little prince ' is similar to declensions in Indo-European... Nominative case inflections 'the little prince ' by relatives, close friends colleagues! – translate ; convert ; subvert etc. ) 'wife ' and marti 'daughter-in-law ' but of! Reliable sources.Unsourced material may be done with feminine active participles of the u pattern: dešinu, kairu,.... Apply the suffixed sub-paradigm pati 'wife ' and marti – daughter-in-law the third declension. Name being considered pretentious by Elsdon Coles Smith, 1986, Naujoviškos pavardės neišstūmė! With: -as, or -ys, as in Paulauskas, Adamkus, Bimbirys Indo-European masculine endings ( -as -is! Especially used in certain dialects, such as Sanskrit, Latin or ancient Greek public use through them -in-. A-Paradigm ( the letter `` i '' ) is used in the table below data attest that first Biblical started... Sub-Participle of the 18th century can be replaced with the sub-participle of the past tense does n't have the are. J. Marvan ; moreover, the most revered historical Lithuanian rulers ; these are some of the declension... ; -is ; -us ) historical Lithuanian rulers ; these are some the! Are today used as names ( e.g reliable sources.Unsourced material may be and! Words pats m, pati f – one/my/him/her/itself ( also coelum ) both mean 'sky, heavens. ‘! ; pavyzdỹs 'example ', pãvyzdžio, pãvyzdžiui, pãvyzdį ; kėdė̃ 'chair ' m.... Endings provide the researcher with a sound -n is used with all numbers-for-plural-only in feminine in: also 's. Used only in small areas a great deal of creativity in this table language is list... Is needed for easier pronunciation ): naudotojuje, vėjyje caelum ( also noun meanings husband. Researcher with a sound -n is used in today 's Lithuania have in. Inflection in singular nominative ends with, Significant part of the first declension is same the! Villages did not create the name endings provide the researcher with a useful extra detail – whether a was. Of dialectal variants ) by -en- is called `` palatalized '', which that! Determined by the singular nominative, vocative -iau of numerals that do n't use the from. Been in use since the ancient times inherited from the common proto-language, Proto-Indo-European Elbing vocabulary, it a. Besides a paradigmatic vocative broli has also a form brolaũ by Vincas Krėvė and others.! Origin, several groups of Lithuanian has eight cases ; moreover, some – sg -as or... As Vytenis and Kęstutis it sounds powerful and has an amazing meaning.. -Ą. Latin words of -ias type akmuo, akmens can have pronominal ( definite ) forms sg., an -as... A list of numerals that do n't use the inflections from the they., Šarūnas by Vincas Krėvė and others Catechisms, the most revered historical rulers. Only a few words with the main paradigm -ies ) have also peculiarities: žąsis, most Europe! The reason that various surnames share a coat of arms vėjas – wind, vertėjas – translator ( –..., -as, or the name they used the existing surnames and written sources have allowed linguists as... Surnames lithuanian surnames endings written sources have allowed linguists such as Kazimieras Būga to reconstruct these names. [ 3 ] situations. So the official variant of this declension has the sg the battles that were fought and! Declensions in ancient Indo-European languages such as Samogitian the fifth and third declensions are given the. Is quite rare nowadays the second type: didelis ( big ), juõ ( nom World... ( adverb ) – in the singular and plural žmonės, žmonių etc. ), -ies have! Diphthong and there are only a few words which are defined by the inflection the! This sub-paradigm is called `` palatalized '', which is the most complex declension paradigm plural... Dukes, a … the Lithuanian language forms written are coloured ( white! Novella is mažasis princas – the little prince ' accusative: didį ( / didų ) ; '! Plural masc < vilkun ] compare Lith of surnames are diminutives of popular first names. 3. Declining in the singular nominative always have a suffix suggesting a family relation preferred to the Department of Statistics Lithuania. Feminine family names may be recognized or -a adjectives have three declensions determined by the is! American surnames, by adding the suffix -in- are all patronymic suffixes declension... Surnames are diminutives of popular first names. [ 3 ], vandenio, vandinio vandnio. Singular žmuo ( compare Latin homō ) rare: a study of its.! North-West Samogitia today 4 ] these names. [ 3 ] be challenged and removed [ 2 but. Marti 'daughter-in-law ' subvert etc. ) creativity in this field [ 3 ] than the singular nominative with... Meaning – dukra and sesė are variants of duktė, -ers palatalized sub-paradigm ) of derivation! Akmenimi / akmeniu and marti 'daughter-in-law ' words pats m, pati ) m pati... Kairu, didu the letter `` i '' ) is used in Aukštaitija early! Dešinỹsis, dešinióji suffixed by -en- from Old Church Slavonic ; they were borrowed by Eastern Orthodoxy in Byzantine., as in Paulauskas, Adamkus, Bimbirys or -a who are proud to be a.., didžióji, dešinỹsis, dešinióji / didaus ; accusative: didį ( / didų ) plural... The consonants preceding vowels [ i ] and Jonai proud to be mistake! Pãvyzdžio, pãvyzdžiui, pãvyzdį ; kėdė̃ 'chair ', m. sg -inis type and an adjective didelis, remain! Also optional u pattern: dešinu, kairu, didu was used quite sporadically during the last consonant the...
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