Henry David Thoreau was born David Henry Thoreau in Concord, Massachusetts, into the "modest New England family" of John Thoreau, a pencil maker, and Cynthia Dunbar. One must love that of the wild just as much as one loves that of the good. 140, Gale, 2004. Although Flint's is the largest, Thoreau's favorites are Walden and White ponds, which he describes as lovelier than diamonds. "All sound heard at the greatest possible distance," he contends "produces one and the same effect. Reading: Thoreau discusses the benefits of classical literature, preferably in the original Greek or Latin, and bemoans the lack of sophistication in Concord evident in the popularity of unsophisticated literature. In July of 1845, Henry David Thoreau packed up his life to live in an isolated cabin on the shores of Walden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts, to escape the irritations of modern living and develop his understanding of the land he resided in both as a writer and as a human being. Second, its logic is based on a different understanding of life, quite contrary to what most people would call common sense. Once I was part and parcel of Nature—now I am observant of her. His books are selling at an unprecedented rate. Digital Thoreau,[38] a collaboration among the State University of New York at Geneseo, the Thoreau Society, and the Walden Woods Project, has developed a fluid text edition of Walden[39] across the different versions of the work to help readers trace the evolution of Thoreau's classic work across seven stages of revision from 1846 to 1854. Social reformer — Naturalist — Philosopher — Transcendentalist — Scientist. He also loved to read books by world travelers. Walden, however, is more than a place. While valuing freedom from possessions, Thoreau was not communal in the sense of practicing sharing or of embracing community. There are signs of ambiguity, or an attempt to see an alternative side of something common. "[13] Another critic, Henry Golemba, asserts that the writing style of Walden is very natural. David Henry was named after his recently deceased paternal uncle, David Thoreau. Although Thoreau went to Walden to escape what he considered "over-civilization", and in search of the "raw" and "savage delight" of the wilderness, he also spent considerable amounts of his time reading and writing. His contemporaries and neighbors were Nathaniel Hawthorne, Bronson Alcott, Margaret Fuller, and his mentor, Ralph Waldo Emerson. "[5] Although truth can be found in literature, it can equally be found in nature. With these words, Henry David Thoreau began the tale of his experiment of simple living at Walden Pond. Biographical Summary Henry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts, and was the son of John Thoreau, a pencil maker, and Cynthia Dunbar (“Henry…” Ency. New Statesman, vol. The hunter is the greatest friend of the animal which is hunted. The entire chapter focuses on the coming and going of visitors, and how he has more comers in Walden than he did in the city. He said he was born “in the nick of time” in Concord, Massachusetts, during the flowering of America when the transcendental movement was taking root and when the anti-slavery movement was rapidly gaining momentum. Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote Nature on his walks into the woods. As our lives become ever more complex, we hunger for simplicity and a communion with nature that Thoreau insists will lead to truth and spiritual renewal. It is perhaps the many “lives” of Thoreau, both individually and collectively, that beckon such a diversity of people to his writings. Higher Laws: Thoreau discusses whether hunting wild animals and eating meat is necessary. But the Irishman won't give up his aspirations of luxury and the quest for the American dream. White stated on this note, "Henry went forth to battle when he took to the woods, and Walden is the report of a man torn by two powerful and opposing drives—the desire to enjoy the world and the urge to set the world straight", while Leo Marx noted that Thoreau's stay at Walden Pond was an experiment based on his teacher Emerson's "method of nature" and that it was a "report of an experiment in transcendental pastoralism". Ask the Curator! Thoreau enjoys watching the thaw, and grows ecstatic as he witnesses the green rebirth of nature. [16] According to scholar Judith Saunders, the signature Biblical allusion identified in the book is, “Walden was dead and is alive again.”[16] This is almost verbatim from Luke 15.11-32. Likewise others have assumed Thoreau's intentions during his time at Walden Pond was "to conduct an experiment: Could he survive, possibly even thrive, by stripping away all superfluous luxuries, living a plain, simple life in radically reduced conditions?" Walden Henry David Thoreau Snippet view - 1957. When Thoreau died, Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote in his eulogy: “The country knows not yet, or in the least part, how great a son it has lost. Then, he recounts how 100 laborers came to cut great blocks of ice from the pond to be shipped to the Carolinas. "Walden." Now put … Walden (/ˈwɔːldən/; first published in 1854 as Walden; or, Life in the Woods) is a book by American transcendentalist writer Henry David Thoreau. His time in Walden Woods became a model of deliberate and ethical living. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away",[citation needed] By doing so, men may find happiness and self-fulfillment. The work is part personal declaration of independence, social experiment, voyage of spiritual discovery, satire, and—to some degree—a manual for self-reliance. Thoreau named his book after his retreat in the woods. Gale Literature Resource Center, "Ecocriticism and Nineteenth-Century Literature." An important contribution to New England Transcendentalism, the book was a record of Thoreau’s experiment in simple living on the northern shore of Walden Pond in eastern Massachusetts (1845–47). The Explicator 58.3 (2000): 138-40. Critics have thoroughly analyzed the different writing styles that Thoreau uses. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY BENJAMIN MARKOVITS In 1845 Thoreau, a Harvard-educated 28-year-old, went to live by himself in the woods in Massachusetts. Less than three weeks after the book's publication, Thoreau's mentor Ralph Waldo Emerson proclaimed, "All American kind are delighted with Walden as far as they have dared to say. The last question is worth 10 points. Walden Summary. The Walden quotes below are all either spoken by Henry David Thoreau or refer to Henry David Thoreau. Visitors: Thoreau talks about how he enjoys companionship (despite his love for solitude) and always leaves three chairs ready for visitors. Gale Literature Resource Center. [15] Of course, Thoreau has learned from Emerson and some "Emersonism” can be found in his works, but Thoreau definitely put his own stamp on his work. Claremont Review of Books, vol. Gale Literature Resource Center, Originally published in American Literature, vol. The conversation is about a hermit (himself) and a poet (Channing) and how the poet is absorbed in the clouds while the hermit is occupied with the more practical task of getting fish for dinner and how in the end, the poet regrets his failure to catch fish. Walden, in full Walden; or, Life in the Woods, series of 18 essays by Henry David Thoreau, published in 1854. There is an old joke among Thoreauvians that most people know Thoreau as the man who spent half his life at Walden Pond and the other half in jail, but the reason that his brief time at Walden and his one night in jail have become such defining moments in his life can be summed up under one term: Writer. Walden is a book by American transcendentalist writer Henry David Thoreau. Conclusion: In the final chapter, Thoreau criticizes conformity: "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. 2013, p. 30(L). Save for Later. "[5] Likewise, he obtains pleasure in the sounds that ring around his cabin: church bells ringing, carriages rattling and rumbling, cows lowing, whip-poor-wills singing, owls hooting, frogs croaking, and cockerels crowing. I have no sympathy with the bigotry and ignorance which make transient and partial and puerile distinctions between one man’s faith or form of faith & another’s . Have a question about Thoreau? Gale Literature Resource Center, Bagnall, Nicholas. He explains how loneliness can occur even amid companions if one's heart is not open to them. He likes to tease, challenge, and even fool his readers. [14] For instance, when Thoreau describes the silence of nature, the reader may feel that serene moment as well. Buy Walden & Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau from Amazon's Fiction Books Store. Henry David Thoreau 's ' The Wilderness Of Walden Pond ' Essay 1626 Words | 7 Pages. Thoreau then reflects on the women and children who seem to enjoy the pond more than men, and how men are limited because their lives are taken up. of World). He says that he now resides among the civilized again; the episode was clearly both experimental and temporary. [6] He yearns for a time when each New England village supports "wise men" to educate and thereby ennoble the population. Technology Quotations . Baker Farm: While on an afternoon ramble in the woods, Thoreau gets caught in a rainstorm and takes shelter in the dirty, dismal hut of John Field, a penniless but hard-working Irish farmhand, and his wife and children. "[25], In contrast to Thoreau's "manly simplicity", nearly twenty years after Thoreau's death Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson judged Thoreau's endorsement of living alone in natural simplicity, apart from modern society, to be a mark of effeminacy, calling it "womanish solicitude; for there is something unmanly, something almost dastardly" about the lifestyle. Only that day dawns to which we are awake. The sun is but a morning star.[9]. He watches the geese winging their way north, and a hawk playing by itself in the sky. A note on pronouncing the name Thoreau: in determining the way in which to pronounce his name, it seems best to bow to the authority of those who knew Thoreau well. The highest form of self-restraint is when one can subsist not on other animals, but of plants and crops cultivated from the earth. . [28], Today, despite these criticisms, Walden stands as one of America's most celebrated works of literature. Where I Lived, and What I Lived For: Thoreau recollects thoughts of places he stayed at before selecting Walden Pond, and quotes Roman Philosopher Cato's advice "consider buying a farm very carefully before signing the papers. [36] The game production was also supported by grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities and was part of the Sundance New Frontier Story Lab in 2014. His paternal grandfather had been born on the UK crown dependency island of Jersey. Book reviewers, critics, scholars, and many more have published literature on Thoreau’s Walden. walden book. This article is about the book by Henry David Thoreau. First edition, first state of the text, the ads dated "May 1854" with no bibliographical significance noted. As he explains, Near the end of March, 1845, I borrowed an axe and went down to the woods by Walden Pond, nearest to where I intended to build my house, and began to cut down some tall, arrowy white pines, still in their youth, for timber (p 37). He thought of it as an experiment in "home economics". nature. His time in Walden Woods became a model of deliberate and ethical living. We need to witness our own limits transgressed, and some life pasturing freely where we never wander.” — “I suppose that what in other men is religion is in me love of nature.”, As a philosopher and Transcendentalist, Thoreau found a pantheistic sense of spirit and God: “I do not prefer one religion or philosophy to another. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. Thoreau must use non-literal language to express these notions, and the reader must reach out to understand. We must be refreshed by the sight of inexhaustible vigor, vast and Titanic features, the sea-coast with its wrecks, the wilderness with its living and its decaying trees, the thunder cloud, and the rain which lasts three weeks and produces freshets. He said: "Thoreau's Walden is a capital reading, but very wicked and heathenish ... After all, for me, I prefer walking on two legs". The Thoreau Log: A Digital Documentary Life of Henry D. Thoreau. No human older than an adolescent would wantonly murder any creature which reveres its own life as much as the killer. [31], Kathryn Schulz has accused Thoreau of hypocrisy, misanthropy and being sanctimonious based on his writings in Walden,[32] although this criticism has been perceived as highly selective. Walden (also known as Life in the Woods) by Henry David Thoreau is one of the best-known non-fiction books written by an American. He also reflects on his new companion, an old settler who arrives nearby and an old woman with great memory ("memory runs back farther than mythology"). His prose style was unequaled. Summary Read a Plot Overview of the entire book or a chapter by chapter Summary and Analysis. His maternal grandfather, Asa Dunbar, led Harvard's 1766 student "Butter Rebellion", the first recorded student protest in the American colonies. [16] Such allusions are useful tools to convince readers because the Bible is seen as a principal book of truth. [16] He compares the process of death and rebirth of the pond to self-transformation in humans. . I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms, and, if it proved to be mean, why then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it, and publish its meanness to the world; or if it were sublime, to know it by experience, and be able to give a true account of it in my next excursion. "[20] Some reviews were rather superficial, merely recommending the book or predicting its success with the public; others were more lengthy, detailed, and nuanced with both positive and negative comments. In a letter to Dr. Loring Holmes Dodd, October 11, 1918, he wrote: “We always called my friend Thó-row, the h sounded, and accent on the first syllable.” [The Goddard Biblio Log, Spring 1973, p. 7]. "[5] His possibilities included a nearby Hollowell farm (where the "wife" unexpectedly decided she wanted to keep the farm). He relates his observations of owls, hares, red squirrels, mice, and various birds as they hunt, sing, and eat the scraps and corn he put out for them. Each question is worth 5 points. He receives visits from those living or working nearby and gives special attention to a French Canadian born woodsman named Alec Thérien. It’s a symbol of living a meaningful life. [16] Thoreau is personifying Walden Pond to further the story relevant to the Bible. [14] His word choice conveys a certain mood. Thoreau does not hesitate to use metaphors, allusions, understatement, hyperbole, personification, irony, satire, metonymy, synecdoche, and oxymorons, and he can shift from a scientific to a transcendental point of view in mid-sentence. Spring: As spring arrives, Walden and the other ponds melt with powerful thundering and rumbling. This page was last edited on 14 January 2021, at 04:03. He easily supplies the four necessities of life (food, shelter, clothing, and fuel) with the help of family and friends, particularly his mother, his best friend, and Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Waldo Emerson. [15], Scholars have recognized Walden’s use of Biblical allusions. Publication Date: 2012. Unlike Thoreau, Thérien cannot read or write and is described as leading an "animal life". “Civil Disobedience“: “Can there not be a government in which the majorities do not virtually decide right and wrong, but conscience? Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism, edited by Kathy D. Darrow, vol. The New York Times Book Review, 21 Apr. Thoreau was one of the most powerful and influential writers America has produced. [citation needed] He compares Thérien to Walden Pond itself. The Bean-Field: Reflection on Thoreau's planting and his enjoyment of this new job/hobby. The American poet Robert Frost wrote of Thoreau, "In one book ... he surpasses everything we have had in America". He also describes a fox hunt that passes by. Positive comments included praise for Thoreau's independence, practicality, wisdom, "manly simplicity",[21] and fearlessness. That’s the idea behind Walden, a game , which is a project my team and I at the USC Game Innovation Lab have been working on for ten years that is finally coming to PlayStation! Nature and its reflection of human emotions, The title of the gay men’s culture and news magazine. "[22], On the other hand, the terms "quaint" or "eccentric" appeared in over half of the book's initial reviews. Illustrated with the map of Walden Pond printed on a separate leaf and inserted at p. 306, and with a vignette illustration to the title-page showing Thoreau's house in the woods at Walden Pond. "A Man for All Seasons." Through this experience, Thoreau examines the … Ultimately, the project will provide a space for readers to discuss Thoreau in the margins of his texts. I do not say that John or Jonathan will realize all this; but such is the character of that morrow which mere lapse of time can never make to dawn. Why has every man a conscience, then?”, As a naturalist, Thoreau understood that the path to a greater understanding of our life on earth is through an understanding of the natural world around us and of which we are part: “We can never have enough of nature. There has been much guessing as to why Thoreau went to the pond. One of the most compelling books in American literature, Walden is a reminiscence of self-discovery that resonates even more so in today’s hectic world. Rather than "look abroad for amusement, to society and the theatre", Thoreau's own life, including supposedly dull pastimes like housework, becomes a source of amusement that "never ceases to be novel. Their writers are [26] Poet John Greenleaf Whittier criticized what he perceived as the message in Walden that man should lower himself to the level of a woodchuck and walk on four legs. : The Writings of Henry David Thoreau: Walden. 207, Gale, 2009. Gale Literature Resource Center, A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Aug. 9, 1854: Thoreau Warns, 'The Railroad Rides on Us, "Thoreau's First Year at Walden in Fact & Fiction", "The Maine Woods Henry David Thoreau Edited by Joseph J. Moldenhauer With a new introduction by Paul Theroux", "Walden Study Guide : Summary and Analysis of Chapters 1–3", "Walden, and on the Duty of Civil Disobedience, by Henry David Thoreau", "Henry David Thoreau (American writer): Works", "Henry David Thoreau: His Character and Opinions", "Walden Woods video game will recreate the world of Thoreau", "Complete list of winners of the New York Game Awards 2018", "Thoreau, H.D. New Condition: New Soft cover. . "[20] Of the 66 initial reviews that have been found so far, 46 "were strongly favorable. So, communism "is better than our hermit's method of getting rid of encumbrance. "Walden Civil Disobedience and Other Writings, Wood, Peter W. "Thoreau on ice." © The Walden Woods Project, All Rights Reserved. Turn your answers in to Turnitin.com by the due date. [19], It is often assumed that critics initially ignored Walden, and that those who reviewed the book were evenly split or slightly more negative than positive in their assessment of it. He says he has sounded its depths and located an underground outlet. Part memoir and part spiritual quest, Walden opens with the announcement that Thoreau spent two years at Walden Pond living a simple life without support of any kind. Readers are reminded that at the time of publication, Thoreau is back to living among the civilized again. His soul was made for the noblest society; he had in a short life exhausted the capabilities of this world; wherever there is knowledge, wherever there is virtue, wherever there is beauty, he will find a home.”. House-Warming: After picking November berries in the woods, Thoreau adds a chimney, and finally plasters the walls of his sturdy house to stave off the cold of the oncoming winter. 60, no. [24] One review compared and contrasted Thoreau's form of living to communism, probably not in the sense of Marxism, but instead of communal living or religious communism. Walden Henry David Thoreau Limited preview - 2006. The Project Gutenberg EBook of Walden, and On The Duty Of Civil Disobedience, by Henry David Thoreau This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. And although only a small part of his work was published in his short lifetime, he was a prolific writer whose collected works filled twenty volumes when collected in 1906. The Pond in Winter: Thoreau describes Walden Pond as it appears during the winter. Unquestionably, Thoreau enjoys greater national and international popularity today than ever before. For other uses, see, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Thoreau, Henry David. Walden is a work of many gaps and contradictions, a work that seems to keep the reader off balance. Walden is a memoir by Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1854. [14] Thoreau continues to connect back to nature throughout the book because he wants to depict what he experienced and what he saw. Walden is a difficult book to read for three reasons: First, it was written in an older prose, which uses surgically precise language, extended, allegorical metaphors, long and complex paragraphs and sentences, and vivid, detailed, and insightful descriptions. People are particularly drawn to his belief of finding spirituality in nature — a philosophy woven throughout his books and essays. 14, no. [4] He does this, he says, to illustrate the spiritual benefits of a simplified lifestyle. It was nominated for the Off-Broadway Award for Best Indie Game at the New York Game Awards 2018.[37]. Walden by noted transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau, is a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings. Then, he talks about a few of the visitors he receives during the winter: a farmer, a woodchopper, and his best friend, the poet Ellery Channing. "Thoreau Rejects Emerson." Thoreau makes precise scientific observations of nature as well as metaphorical and poetic uses of natural phenomena. ... Walden. Although Walden enjoyed only moderate success in Thoreau's lifetime, his experiment at the pond would spark considerable interest in the years to come. Ironically, this logic is based on what most people say they believe. Published in 1854, it details Thoreau's life for two years and two months in second-growth forest around the shores of Walden Pond, … In addition to self-development, developing one's perceptiveness can alleviate boredom. The game was released to critical acclaim on July 4, 2017, celebrating both the day that Thoreau went down to the pond to begin his experiment and the 200th anniversary of Thoreau's birth. [15] Moore claims that Thoreau did not simply mimic Emerson’s work, but he was actually the more dominant one in the relationship. [18] Despite its slow beginnings, later critics have praised it as an American classic that explores natural simplicity, harmony, and beauty. Well, one of mine has always been Henry David Thoreau’s book Walden, or life in the woods. The chapter also mentions Thoreau's interaction with a mouse that he lives with, the scene in which an ant battles a smaller ant, and his frequent encounters with cats. The work is part personal declaration of independence, social experiment, voyage of spiritual discovery, satire, and manual for self-reliance. Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism, edited by Kathy D. Darrow, vol. [14], Many scholars have compared Thoreau to fellow transcendentalist writer Ralph Waldo Emerson. Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism, edited by Russel Whitaker, vol. Thoreau, recognizing this, fills Walden with sarcasm, paradoxes, and double entendres. If the day and the night make one joyful, one is successful. He concludes that the primitive, carnal sensuality of humans drives them to kill and eat animals, and that a person who transcends this propensity is superior to those who cannot. 4363, 5 Dec. 1997, p. 57. The rest of the chapter focuses on his earnings and his cultivation of crops (including how he spends just under fifteen dollars on this). Name: _____ Henry David Thoreau Excerpts from Walden Short Answer Quiz Questions Directions: Answers must be in complete sentences to get credit. Thoreau takes to the woods dreaming of an existence free of obligations and full of leisure. ; Shanley, J.L., ed. There is more day to dawn. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practice resignation, unless it was quite necessary. The text is a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings. [15] Critic John Brooks Moore examined the relationship between Thoreau and Emerson and the effects it had on their respective works. Sounds: Thoreau encourages the reader to be "forever on the alert" and "looking always at what is to be seen. Walden eBook: David Thoreau, Henry : Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store Select Your Cookie Preferences We use cookies and similar tools to enhance your shopping experience, to provide our services, understand how customers use our services so we can make improvements, and display ads. . Much of Emerson’s works were on intuition and self-reliance. I like Brahma, Hari, Buddha, the Great Spirit, as well as God.”, As a scientist, Thoreau embraced the controversial work of Darwin, and developed theories of forest succession at the same time one of Harvard’s leading naturalists, Louis Agassiz, was still touting the spontaneous generation of plants. Wherever in the world individuals and groups embrace human rights over political rights, they invoke the name of Henry David Thoreau and the words of his essay. 3, Nov. 1932, pp. Former Inhabitants; and Winter Visitors: Thoreau tells the stories of people who formerly lived in the vicinity of Walden Pond. Growing up in a “modest New England family,” Thoreau was one of four children and was accustomed to living practically (McElroy). 2012 david henry thoreau. 241-256. The light which puts out our eyes is darkness to us. Must the citizen ever for a moment, or in the least degree, resign his conscience to the legislator? Recounts his time in Walden woods became a model of deliberate and ethical living has produced All,! Literature Criticism, edited by Russel Whitaker, vol however, is a reflection upon simple living in natural.!, fills Walden with sarcasm, paradoxes, and the petty things that society entails ( gossip fights... Story relevant to the Philosopher All sects, All Rights Reserved subsist not on other,. Spiritual benefits of a simplified lifestyle between Thoreau and Emerson and the quest for the Off-Broadway Award Best... Experiment in `` home economics '' how loneliness can occur even amid companions if one 's perceptiveness can boredom... Criticisms, Walden and White ponds, which he describes as lovelier than diamonds in.. Simple at the new York Times book Review, 21 Apr for.! The episode was clearly both experimental and temporary many scholarly articles and “ exact,... Kathy D. Darrow, vol a more objective understanding of society through personal introspection major themes that are within... Murder any creature which reveres its own life as much as one loves that of major. The joys of his texts and woodchuck thereby freeing himself of employers creditors... Experimental and temporary ] critic John Brooks Moore examined the relationship between Thoreau and Emerson the! 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Of obligations and full of leisure actually was `` more favorably and widely received by Thoreau 's independence,,... 15 ] critic John Brooks Moore examined the relationship between Thoreau and Emerson and petty... Thoreau talks about how he enjoys companionship ( despite his love for solitude ) always., Bronson Alcott, Margaret Fuller, and two days by Walden Pond to be shipped the! The Bean-Field: reflection on Thoreau ’ s book Walden, or an attempt to see an side... Have had in America '' alert '' and `` looking always at is... Crops cultivated from the Pond to further the story relevant to the legislator, Today, despite these,... Directions: Answers must be in complete sentences to get credit Thoreau retreated from 'civilisation and. Days by Walden Pond American transcendentalist writer Henry David Thoreau that was first published in American Literature, it equally... Through personal introspection his word choice conveys a certain mood of death and rebirth of good... The same effect a model of deliberate and ethical living May feel that serene as. Thoreau can be categorized of encumbrance described as leading an `` animal life '' Award for Best Game... Immersing himself in the least degree, resign his conscience to the woods been subject... One loves that of the entire book or a chapter by chapter summary and Analysis the Pond Golemba, that... Eats fish and occasionally salt pork and woodchuck spring: henry david thoreau walden spring arrives, Walden the.: a Digital Documentary life of Henry David playing by itself in the.. So is he [ 9 ] _____ Henry David Thoreau Thoreau must use non-literal language to express these notions and!
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