The U.S. Constitution provides each state with two senators. Extensive new constitutional rights for victims of crime were approved in 2016. Higher education is overseen by a governor-appointed Board of Regents, which in turn appoints a commissioner of higher education. [291] In 1914, Montana granted women the vote. With an area of 147,040 square miles (380,800 km2),[1] Montana is slightly larger than Japan. [182] The city having the largest percentage growth was Kalispell, with 40.1%, and the city with the largest increase in actual residents was Billings, with an increase in population of 14,323 from 2000 to 2010. Another 40,000-plus Montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war, and more than 57,000 joined up before the war ended. [158] In addition, small homesteads of fewer than 320 acres (130 ha) were unsuited to the environment. The 1972 constitution lengthened the term of office to eight years, and established the minimum number of justices at five. The geographic center of population of Montana is in sparsely populated Meagher County, in the town of White Sulphur Springs. [288][289], Montana is governed by a constitution. Printable map of Montana and info and links to Montana facts, famous natives, landforms, latitude, longitude, maps, symbols, timeline and weather - by worldatlas.com State tree, Ponderosa pine. Gold output from 1862 through 1876 reached $144 million; silver then became even more important. [230] The first legislature authorized counties to levy taxes for schools, which set the foundations for public schooling. As settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. The two largest schools, the University of Montana and Montana State University, are members of the Big Sky Conference and have enjoyed a strong athletic rivalry since the early twentieth century. Montana State Language English Adopted in 1895. Many individuals claiming conscientious objector status from throughout the U.S. were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.[174]. Montana is the home of the Federation of Fly Fishers and hosts many of the organizations annual conclaves. [79] The Yellowstone joins the Missouri in North Dakota just east of Fort Union. In addition, Montana was going through a temporary period of higher-than-average precipitation. Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay. [163], War sentiment was complicated by labor issues. Motto Language Translation; Appalachian State University: Esse Quam Videri: Latin: To be, rather than to seem: ... English: Illinois State University: Gladly we Learn and Teach: English: Indiana University: Lux et Veritas: ... Montana State University - Billings: Access and Excellence: English: Montclair State University: [48] The soil of intermountain basins usually consists of clay, gravel, sand, silt, and volcanic ash, much of it laid down by lakes which covered the region during the Oligocene 33 to 23 million years ago. The students were Indian children and the children of Fort Owen employees. [45] Known as laccoliths, they formed when igneous rock protruded through cracks in the sedimentary rock. The legislature meets in the Montana State Capitol in Helena in odd-numbered years for 90 days, beginning the first weekday of the year. The state also has a small Métis population, and 1990 census data indicated that people from as many as 275 different tribes lived in Montana. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and Kootenai people of western Montana, which established boundaries for the tribal nations. Ovtâstumstaatah; This is an old Montana slogan which was first seen in the "Montana Highway Department" brochure from 1940. [229] The first school year was scheduled to begin in January 1866, but severe weather postponed its opening until March. Montana became a United States territory (Montana Territory) on May 26, 1864. Montana's motto, Oro y Plata, Spanish for "Gold and Silver", recognizing the significant role of mining, was first adopted in 1865, when Montana was still a territory. [185] The largest European ancestry groups in Montana as of 2010 are: German (27.0%), Irish (14.8%), English (12.6%), Norwegian (10.9%), French (4.7%), and Italian (3.4%). It is one of five states to have no sales tax.[302]. [315] A state seal with a miner's pick and shovel above the motto, surrounded by the mountains and the Great Falls of the Missouri River, was adopted during the first meeting of the territorial legislature in 1864–65. Through the mid-20th century, the state had a tradition of "sending the liberals to Washington and the conservatives to Helena". The richest of all gold placer diggings was discovered at Alder Gulch, where the town of Virginia City was established. [163] In the wake of ramped-up mine production and the Speculator Mine disaster in June 1917,[163] Industrial Workers of the World organizer Frank Little arrived in Butte to organize miners. The constitution requires the establishment of a Montana Supreme Court and Montana District Courts, and permits the legislature to establish Justice Courts, City Courts, Municipal Courts, and other inferior courts such as the legislature sees fit to establish. [103], The coldest temperature on record for Montana is also the coldest temperature for the contiguous United States. There is a Youth Court in every judicial district, and decisions of the Youth Court are appealable directly to the Montana Supreme Court. [229] The Montana Territorial Legislative Assembly had its inaugural meeting in 1864. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations. [190] Of Montana's 56 counties, Native Americans constitute a majority in three: Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt. This article in a Butte newspaper celebrates "the blessings of true citizenship". [26] There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay. [37] The isolated island ranges east of the Divide include the Bear Paw Mountains,[38] Bull Mountains,[39] Castle Mountains,[40] Crazy Mountains,[41] Highwood Mountains,[42] Judith Mountains,[42] Little Belt Mountains,[40] Little Rocky Mountains,[42] the Pryor Mountains,[41] Little Snowy Mountains, Big Snowy Mountains,[39] Sweet Grass Hills,[39] and—in the state's southeastern corner near Ekalaka—the Long Pines. ... State Gemstones: Sapphire & Agate. The state Senate is, as of 2019, controlled by the Republicans 32 to 18, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41. The plow, pick, and shovel represent the state's industry. [146], The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the Midwest and western United States. Whereas the Montana state motto intends to capture the 'rich soul' of Montana in both concrete and figurative terms - Montana motto: "Gold and Silver" - Montana state slogans focus especially on attracting tourists, and as you will see, some Montana slogans are more serious in nature than others: "Montana: High, Wide and Handsome" The Kerguelen Islands are antipodal to the Montana–Saskatchewan–Alberta border. [210] Each Indian reservation in the state has a fully accredited tribal college. This Montana state nickname was 'invented' in the same year as "The Treasure State" (1895). This popular Montana state nickname goes all the way back to 1895 The court employs 12 permanent special masters. The first territorial capital was at Bannack. [103][106], Loma is the site of the most extreme recorded temperature change in a 24-hour period in the United States. Beginning in the mid-1990s, the state also had an influx of Amish, who moved to Montana from the increasingly urbanized areas of Ohio and Pennsylvania. [6] The economy is primarily based on agriculture, including ranching and cereal grain farming. This created Montana's 1st congressional district in the west and Montana's 2nd congressional district in the east. These included a Native American language (64%), German (4%), Spanish (3%), Russian (1%), and Chinese (less than 0.5%). However, the grizzly bear and Canadian lynx are listed as a threatened species only for the mainland 48 states. [22] The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range, located primarily in Glacier National Park. A 12th nation, the Little Shell Chippewa is a "landless" people headquartered in Great Falls; it is recognized by the state of Montana, but not by the U.S. government. Senators serve four-year terms, while Representatives serve two-year terms. Brian Morris, who served as an associate justice of the Montana Supreme Court from 2005 to 2013, currently serves as a judge on the court. Six of Montana's smaller four-year schools are members of the Frontier Conference. The war created a boom for Montana mining, lumber, and farming interests, as demand for war materials and food increased. "Big Sky Country" replaced the initial "Treasure State" on the state license plates and was displayed from 1967-1975. Montana Research Resources The organizations listed below provide information about Montana history and genealogy. Montana's single congressional district holds the largest population of any district in the country, which means its one member in the House of Representatives represents more people than any other member of the U.S. House (see List of U.S. states by population). L'étoile du Nord (Official state motto) / Quae sursum volo videre (Territorial motto never … The motto reflects the hopes and attitude of the people of the … Major events include: There are no major league sports franchises in Montana due to the state's relatively small and dispersed population, but a number of minor league teams play in the state. [64], East of the divide the Missouri River, which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin Rivers near Three Forks,[65] flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls. It is the second largest House district by area, after Alaska's at-large congressional district. [148] Some farmers came with the arrival of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Railroads throughout the 1880s and 1890s, though in relatively small numbers. The Montana University System consists of: The Montana Territory was formed on April 26, 1864, when the U.S. passed the Organic Act. Massive debt was one. The Water Court consists of a chief water judge and four district water judges (Lower Missouri River Basin, Upper Missouri River Basin, Yellowstone River Basin, and Clark Fork River Basin). [236] James Willard Schultz ("Apikuni") from Browning is most noted for his prolific stories about Blackfeet life and his contributions to the naming of prominent features in Glacier National Park.[237]. [200] Also, 15,438 (1.7% of the state population) were speakers of Indo-European languages other than English or Spanish, 10,154 (1.1%) were speakers of a Native American language, and 4,052 (0.4%) were speakers of an Asian or Pacific Islander language. [311], Montana has one city, Billings, with a population over 100,000; and two cities with populations over 50,000: Missoula and Great Falls. (We dare defend our rights) Montana. The deadline for a legislator to introduce an appropriations, revenue, or referenda bill is the 62nd legislative day. The most notable were the Marias Massacre (1870), Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), Battle of the Big Hole (1877), and Battle of Bear Paw (1877). These numbers constituted about ten percent of the state's population, and Montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state. [296] Major amendments include establishment of a reclamation trust (funded by taxes on natural resource extraction) to restore mined land (1974); restoration of sovereign immunity, when such immunity has been approved by a two-thirds vote in each house (1974); establishment of a 90-day biennial (rather than annual) legislative session (1974); establishment of a coal tax trust fund, funded by a tax on coal extraction (1976); conversion of the mandatory decennial review of county government into a voluntary one, to be approved or disallowed by residents in each county (1978); conversion of the provision of public assistance from a mandatory civil right to a non-fundamental legislative prerogative (1988);[297] a new constitutional right to hunt and fish (2004); a prohibition on gay marriage (2004); and a prohibition on new taxes on the sale or transfer of real property (2010). The historically mining-oriented communities of western Montana such as Butte have a wider range of European-American ethnicity; Finns, Eastern Europeans and especially Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area, as well as people originally from British mining regions such as Cornwall, Devon, and Wales. Most of the United States' 50 states have a state motto, as do the District of Columbia, and 3 … Several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common. The initial motto suggestion was in somewhat poor Spanish "Oro el Plata" - fortunately later, someone with a bit more linguistic talent in Spanish spotted it, and corrected it to "Oro y Plata". Montana is the only state in the union without a modern naval ship named in its honor. [160] As a result, farm sizes increased while the number of farms decreased. During World War II, the planned battleship USS Montana was named in honor of the state but it was never completed. Most of the United States' 50 states have a state motto, as do the District of Columbia, and 3 U.S. territories.A motto is a phrase intended to formally describe the general motivation or intention of an organization. The area west of the divide has a modified northern Pacific Coast climate, with milder winters, cooler summers, less wind, and a longer growing season. Geography. The Montana Supreme Court is the court of last resort in the Montana court system. Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds (i.e. The legislature in turn adopted this recommendation by a wide margin. The mountain ranges block the moist Pacific air, holding moisture in the western valleys, and creating rain shadows to the east. On November 8, 1889, President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the union's 41st state. From 1968 through 1988, the state was dominated by the Democratic Party, with Democratic governors for a 20-year period, and a Democratic majority of both the national congressional delegation and during many sessions of the state legislature. After three years, a fee of one dollar per acre would be paid and the land would be owned by the settler. [74] Montana also claims the disputed title of possessing the world's shortest river, the Roe River, just outside Great Falls. [180] The 2010 Census put Montana's population at 989,415. [276], Montana has the highest suicide rate of any state in the US as of 2017. [227] Schools started forming in the area before it was officially a territory as families started settling into the area. In general, the grizzly bear and Canadian lynx are not threatened species; the IUCN lists both as "least concern". Montana eventually became home to the largest ICBM field in the U.S. covering 23,500 square miles (61,000 km2). Montana hosts numerous arts and cultural festivals and events every year. Another Montana state slogan. Voters approved the legalization of gambling, a bicameral legislature, and retention of the death penalty. [273], Montana does not have a Trauma I hospital, but does have Trauma II hospitals in Missoula, Billings, and Great Falls. [169] In Butte, a multiethnic community with significant European immigrant population, labor unions, particularly the newly formed Metal Mine Workers' Union, opposed the war on grounds it mostly profited large lumber and mining interests. Senator in 1978). Only the state of Alaska had a higher percentage with Alaska having roughly 14 percent of its population over 18 being veterans and Montana having roughly 12 percent of its population over 18 being veterans. [77] It flows north through Yellowstone National Park, enters Montana near Gardiner, and passes through the Paradise Valley to Livingston. The first school year ran through the summer and did not end until August 17. In December 1959, Malmstrom AFB was selected as the home of the new Minuteman I intercontinental ballistic missile. The council also passed rules limiting public gatherings and prohibiting the speaking of German in public. [117], Various indigenous peoples lived in the territory of the present-day state of Montana for thousands of years. All of Montana's four-year colleges and universities field intercollegiate sports teams. Montana Shakespeare in the Parks has been performing free, live theatrical productions of Shakespeare and other classics throughout Montana and the Northwest region since 1973. [317] All other symbols were adopted throughout the 20th century, save for Montana's newest symbol, the state butterfly, the mourning cloak, adopted in 2001,[315] and the state lullaby, "Montana Lullaby", adopted in 2007. [164] Montana's Remount station in Miles City provided 10,000 cavalry horses for the war, more than any other Army post in the country. [260] Fly fishing for several species of native and introduced trout in rivers and lakes is popular for both residents and tourists throughout the state. This nickname speaks for itself. The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park. [113] The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana. State Mottos. [206], About 66,000 people of Native American heritage live in Montana. However, the 1889 Montana constitution significantly restricted the power of state government, the legislature was much more powerful than the executive branch, and the jurisdiction of the District Courts very specifically described. "The Headwaters State" Ninety percent of its language came from an 1884 constitution which was never acted upon by Congress for national political reasons. [292][293], In 1971, Montana voters approved the call for a state constitutional convention. The Montana Supreme Court struck down the nonpartisan law in 1911 on technical grounds, but a new law was enacted in 1935 which barred political parties from endorsing, making contributions to, or making expenditures on behalf of or against judicial candidates. For other uses, see, Map of the United States with Montana highlighted, Reporting statehood from Helena: Full article text is. Each court member served a six-year term. Other railroads followed suit. [167], The Montanans who opposed U.S. entry into the war included immigrant groups of German and Irish heritage, as well as pacifist Anabaptist people such as the Hutterites and Mennonites, many of whom were also of Germanic heritage. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks operate approximately 275,265 acres (1,113.96 km2) of state parks and access points on the state's rivers and lakes. Montana's two U.S. senators are Jon Tester (Democrat), who was reelected in 2018, and Steve Daines (Republican), first elected in 2014. The U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service administers 110,000 acres (450 km2) of 1.1 million acres of National Wildlife Refuges and waterfowl production areas in Montana. Alabama. Montana's official seal features the sun setting over snowy mountains (the mountains which gave the state its name), the great waterfalls of the Missouri River, three tools (a pick, a shovel, and a plow - symbols of Montana's mining and farming history), and a ribbon with the state motto displayed at the bottom of the seal; "Oro y Plata" (Spanish for "gold and silver" - referring to the mineral wealth which … [202], According to the Pew Forum, the religious affiliations of the people of Montana are: Protestant 47%, Catholic 23%, LDS (Mormon) 5%, Jehovah's Witness 2%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 0.5%, Muslim 0.5%, Hindu 0.5% and nonreligious at 20%. The origin of the nickname stems from a book by Alfred Bertram Guthrie Jr. "Big Sky" which was suggested by a highway employee. Temperatures vary greatly on cold nights, and Helena, 40 miles (64 km) to the southeast had a low of only −36 °F or −37.8 °C on the same date, and an all-time record low of −42 °F or −41.1 °C. This Montana state nickname was presented at the 1962 promotion of the Montana State Highway Department. Jay Cooke, the NPR president, launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872, and 1873, which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. Heron, in the west, receives the most precipitation, 34.70 inches (881 mm). [271], Snow coach tours are offered at Big Sky, Whitefish, West Yellowstone and into Yellowstone National Park. The honyocker was farmer, spinster, deep-sea diver; fiddler, physician, bartender, cook. "Montana: Land of the Big Sky, the Unabomer, and Very Little Else". Three former Montana politicians have been named judges on the U.S. District Court: Charles Nelson Pray (who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1907 to 1913), James Franklin Battin (who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1961 to 1969), and Paul G. Hatfield (who served as an appointed U.S. [212] The state was sued in 2004 because of lack of funding, and the state has increased its support of the program. Explore No place like home: Brianna Bull Shows advocates broader education on American Indian culture Explore In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution accepted by the people and the federal government. *In the 1980s the absence of a sales tax became economically deleterious to communities bound to the state's tourism industry, as the revenue from income and property taxes provided by residents was grossly insignificant in regards to paying for the impact of non-residential travel—especially road repair. [261] Robert Redford's 1992 film of Norman Mclean's novel, A River Runs Through It, was filmed in Montana and brought national attention to fly fishing and the state. All waters in Montana west of the divide flow into the Columbia River. [56][57] Montana's water resources provide for recreation, hydropower, crop and forage irrigation, mining, and water for human consumption. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. [69] Other major Montana tributaries of the Missouri include the Smith,[70] Milk,[71] Marias,[72] Judith,[73] and Musselshell Rivers. Hell Roaring Creek begins in southern Montana, and when combined with the Red Rock, Beaverhead, Jefferson, Missouri, and Mississippi River, is the longest river in North America and the fourth longest river in the world. Joseph K. Toole, Governor of the State of Montana: WASHINGTON, D.C. Nov. 7, 1889 [17] About 60 percent of the state is prairie, part of the northern Great Plains. However, in August 2007, Senator Jon Tester asked that a submarine be christened USS Montana. Molly Todd has won the Betty Coffey Award Explore In honor of Martin Luther King Jr. Day, MSU presents "A Celebration of Blackness" virtual event, Jan. 15, 11:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Among Montana's most historically prominent senators are Thomas J. Walsh (serving from 1913 to 1933), who was President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt's choice for attorney general when he died; Burton K. Wheeler (serving from 1923 to 1947), an oft-mentioned presidential candidate and strong supporter of isolationism; Mike Mansfield, the longest-serving Senate majority leader in U.S. history; Max Baucus (served 1978 to 2014), longest-serving U.S. senator in Montana history, and the senator who shepherded the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act through the Senate in 2010; and Lee Metcalf (served 1961 to 1978), a pioneer of the environmental movement. 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