Depending on what terms one uses to define the end, the movement extended until 1821 (when the Spanish were expelled from mainland Chile) or 1826 (when the last Spanish troops surrendered and Chiloé was incorporated to the Chilean republic). In 1920, the economic crisis worsened the standard of living of the middle classes, which were politically closer to the working classes. The wealth of raw materials led to an economic upturn, but also led to dependency, and even wars with neighboring states. Political authority ran from local electoral bosses in the provinces through the congressional and executive branches, which reciprocated with payoffs from taxes on nitrate sales. Under the slogan "Revolution in Liberty", the Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and agrarian reform, including rural unionization of agricultural workers. He continued his explorations of the region west of the Andes and founded over a dozen towns and established the first encomiendas. Of course, the very nature of "disappearances" made such investigations very difficult. A new parliamentary regime emerged from the civil war; it was the government of Fronda aristocrática. The second period was characterized by the Spanish attempts to reimpose arbitrary rule during the period known as the Reconquista of 1814–1817 ("Reconquest": the term echoes the Reconquista in which the Christian kingdoms retook Iberia from the Muslims). Santa Cruz united Peru and Bolivia in the Peru–Bolivian Confederation in 1836 with a desire to expand control over Argentina and Chile. Explore interesting Chile facts, fun trivia, history & more. During the conquest, the Araucanians quickly added horses and European weaponry to their arsenal of clubs and bows and arrows. Foreign relations between Chile and the United States received a slow start with little occurring throughout most of the 19thcentury despite the official start of diplomatic relations between the two countries in 1823 (Kren 1). Aylwin administration. [47], The four-man junta headed by General Augusto Pinochet abolished civil liberties, dissolved the national congress, banned union activities, prohibited strikes and collective bargaining, and erased the Allende administration's agrarian and economic reforms. It is primarily based on the Civil code of 1855, derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes influenced by European law of the last half of the 19th Century. It was, however, an unusual regime in presidentialist Latin America, for Congress really did overshadow the rather ceremonial office of the president and exerted authority over the chief executive's cabinet appointees. Shortly before his withdrawal from power, he drew up a new Constitution that was considered to be the advent of true democracy in Chile. The founder of the POS and its best-known leader, Luis Emilio Recabarren, also founded the Communist Party of Chile (Spanish: Partido Comunista de Chile – PCCh) in 1922. Ballots are manually counted by the five vocales, after the table has closed, at least eight hours after opening, and the counting witnessed by representatives of all the parties who choose to have observers. The result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river,[6] which subsequently became the boundary between the Incan empire and the Mapuche lands until the arrival of the Spaniards. In 1932, constitutional rule was restored and the Radical Party emerged and dominated Chile until 1952. The Constitution of Chile was approved in a national plebiscite in September 1980, under the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet. Before being discovered by the Europeans, Chile was inhabited by several tribes of Native Americans; Independence from Spain. 1833 – Although never president Diego Portales leads the government behind the scenes. From almost the very start of its independence, Chilean exports have made important contributions to the economic development of the United States. That same year, the leader of the Federation of Workers, Luis Emilio Recabarren, was elected to the House but his election was canceled by the House. Pinochet tried to defend himself by referring to the State Immunity Act of 1978, an argument rejected by the British justice. [10], The Chilean part of Patagonia embraces the southern part of Valdivia, Los Lagos in Lake Llanquihue, Chiloé, Puerto Montt and the Archaeological site of Monte Verde, also the fiords and islands south to the regions of Aisén and Magallanes, including the west side of Tierra del Fuego and Cape Horn. These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and senators for life, granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years while also disabling immediate re-election. They became adept at raiding Spanish settlements and, albeit in declining numbers, managed to hold off the Spaniards and their descendants until the late 19th century. Approved in the plebiscite of September 11, 1980, the Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile – the tenth constitutional text in Chilean history – has ruled the country since March 11, 1981. Promising "evolution to avoid revolution", he pioneered a new campaign style of appealing directly to the masses with florid oratory and charisma. Less than a month later, on September 11, 1973, the Chilean military deposed Allende, who shot himself in the head to avoid capture[30] as the Presidential Palace was surrounded and bombed. During the period of Radical Party dominance (1932–1952), the state increased its role in the economy. Alessandri soon discovered that his efforts to lead would be blocked by the conservative Congress. As a result the country has a rich and vibrant history. Congressmen often won election by bribing voters in this clientelistic and corrupt system. France, led by Napoleon Bonaparte conquers Spain. A registered citizen can only vote after his identity has been verified at the table corresponding to his registry. Failure to address the economic and social increases and increasing political awareness of the less-affluent population, as well as indirect intervention and economic funding to the main political groups by the CIA,[1] as part of the Cold War, led to a political polarization under Socialist President Salvador Allende. Although opposed by many liberals, O'Higgins angered the Roman Catholic Church with his liberal beliefs. Alessandri appealed to those who believed the social question should be addressed, to those worried by the decline in nitrate exports during World War I, and to those weary of presidents dominated by Congress. In exile in Argentina, O'Higgins joined forces with José de San Martín. In February 1991 Aylwin created the National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation, which released in February 1991 the Rettig Report on human rights violations committed during the military rule. [39][40][41] At least a thousand people were executed during the first six months of Pinochet in office, and at least two thousand more were killed during the next sixteen years, as reported by the Rettig Report. Allende had two main competitors in the election — Radomiro Tomic, representing the incumbent Christian Democratic party, who ran a left-wing campaign with much the same theme as Allende's, and the right-wing former president Jorge Alessandri. The following presents a short history of these contributions. Valdivia died at the Battle of Tucapel, defeated by Lautaro, a young Mapuche toqui (war chief), but the European conquest was well underway. Chile had a strong history of democracy before Salvador Allende. In fact, however, "the U.S.'s own intelligence reports showed that Allende posed no threat to democracy. He went into exile in Peruin 1823, dying there in 1842. They have also hailed its control of the armed forces, its respect for civil liberties, its expansion of suffrage and participation, and its gradual admission of new contenders, especially reformers, to the political arena. The last conservative president was Manuel Montt, who also served two terms (1851–1856, 1856–1861), but his bad administration led to the liberal rebellion in 1859. Among those favoring independence, conservatives fought with liberals over the degree to which French revolutionary ideas would be incorporated into the movement. She is the author of Children of Fate: Childhood, Class, and the State in Chile, 1850–1930. Brief History of Chile Early Settlement. Despite pressure from the government of the United States,[18] the Chilean Congress, keeping with tradition, conducted a runoff vote between the leading candidates, Allende and former president Jorge Alessandri. By April all three nations are at war. History, map and timeline of Chile in 1960 CE. 1823-1829 – Period of chaos and instability followed O’Higgins departure. The Communist Party had been established in Chile in 1922 and officially recognized in 1931. The next congressional elections are scheduled for December 2021. "By 1968, 20 percent of total U.S. foreign investment was tied up in Latin America...Mining companies had invested $1 billion over the previous fifty years in Chile's copper mining industry – the largest in the world – but they had sent $7.2 billion home. Bachelet administration. Salvador Allende, a pivotal figure in Chilean history of the late 20th century, is a founder member of Chile's Socialist party in 1933 and is in the chamber of deputies from 1937. [49] Economic reforms were drafted by a group of technocrats who became known as the Chicago Boys because many of them had been trained or influenced by University of Chicago professors. These qualms exacerbated animosities toward Peru dating from the colonial period, now intensified by disputes over customs duties and loans. From 1911 to 1920, there were 293 strikes. A few interesting facts about the history of Chile are listed below. [44] According to the Latin American Institute on Mental Health and Human Rights (ILAS), "situations of extreme trauma" affected about 200,000 persons. Chile's first experiment with self-government, the "Patria Vieja" (old fatherland, 1810–1814), was led by José Miguel Carrera, an aristocrat then in his mid-twenties. By 1973, Chilean society had grown highly polarized, between strong opponents and equally strong supporters of Salvador Allende and his government. He began to violate the constitution and slowly began to establish a dictatorship. He subsequently governs as a dictator until 1931. 1960s to 1990s. The 1964 presidential election of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva by an absolute majority initiated a period of major reform. This report counted 2,279 cases of "disappearances" which could be proved and registered. For many decades thereafter, historians derided the Parliamentary Republic as a quarrel-prone system that merely distributed spoils and clung to its laissez-faire policy while national problems mounted. A strong presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained powerful.[15]. The civil struggle's harmful effects on the economy, and particularly on exports, prompted conservatives to seize national control in 1830. "[21] Part of the CIA's program involved a propaganda campaign that portrayed Allende as a would-be Soviet dictator. In the second round, Piñera faced Alejandro Guillier, a television news anchor who represented Bachelet's New Majority (Nueva Mayoría) coalition. [18] The action plans to prevent Allende from coming to power were known as Track I and Track II. By Tim Lambert. Reform minded Bernardo O’Higgins flee the country and fights for independence from abroad. [citation needed] The next year, Carmen Gloria Quintana was burnt alive in what became known as the Caso Quemado ("Burnt Alive case"). Record information pertinent to understanding events in the novel and develop your findings into a 1-2 page, MLA formatted paper. As the leader of guerrilla raids against the Spaniards, Manuel Rodríguez became a national symbol of resistance. After Pinochet left power in 1988, saying this country was ready to keep going along with a plebiscite, the Constitution was amended to ease provisions for future amendments to the Constitution. This growing discontent was reflected in the continuing opposition of partisans of Carrera, who was executed by the Argentine regime in Mendoza in 1821, like his two brothers were three years earlier. It's time for that to end' Germán David, Melissa Medina and Antonia Del Almendro in Chile. The history of Chile dates back 10,000 years when migrating Native Americans first settled along the coast and in the fertile valleys of what is now Chile. Alessandri broke with the classical liberalism's policies of laissez-faire by creating a Central Bank and imposing a revenue tax. In the end, Allende received a plurality of the votes cast, getting 36% of the vote against Alessandri's 35% and Tomic's 28%. The first human beings arrived in Chile about 12,000 BC. Pressure groups according to the CIA World Factbook: Chile or Chilean organizations participate in the following international organizations: Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Assignment: Choose one of the following topics relating to Chilean political history depicted in The House of the Spirits to research further. However, Pedro de Valdivia, captain of the army, realizing the potential for expanding the Spanish empire southward, asked Pizarro's permission to invade and conquer the southern lands. Senior Seminar Honors. Throughout the rest of the 19th and into the early 20th centuries, political and economic instability was common in Chile and from 1924–1932, the country was under the semi-dictatorial rule of General Carlos Ibanez. On September 11, 1973, the armed forces staged a coup d’état. San Martín considered the liberation of Chile a strategic stepping-stone to the emancipation of Peru, which he saw as the key to hemispheric victory over the Spanish. The more leftist members of the Democrat Party became involved in the leadership of labor unions and broke off to launch the Socialist Workers' Party (Spanish: Partido Obrero Socialista – POS) in 1912. Chile protesters: 'We are subjugated by the rich. Cleary/Stalowski. Similarly, political uncertainty around the constitutional reform could weaken private sector confidence, dampening the recovery. Chilean political history was made in 2006 when voters elected their country’s first woman president, socialist Michelle Bachelet. His economic policies visibly changed the existing liberal policies. Military actions and movements, separate from the civilian authority, began to manifest in the countryside. It does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction. Defeated, Balmaceda fled to Argentina's embassy, where he committed suicide. [32], According to the Vasili Mitrokhin and Christopher Andrew, the KGB and the Cuban Intelligence Directorate launched a campaign known as Operation TOUCAN. The longest lasting of the ten governments between 1924 and 1932 was that of General Carlos Ibáñez, who briefly held power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a de facto dictatorship. 1927: In a bloodless coup, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo takes the presidency by force during great political instability. The best summary of recent events in Chile. Surprisingly thin and long, Chile stretches from the driest desert on Earth to the Antarctic. More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing tsunami) and over a million people lost their homes. The greatest resistance to Spanish rule came from the Mapuche people, who opposed European conquest and colonization until the 1880s; this resistance is known as the Arauco War. "[22] Nevertheless, the Richard Nixon administration organized and inserted secret operatives in Chile, in order to quickly destabilize Allende's government.[23][24][25][26]. During his first term in office, he pursued a progressive policy: labor law, the establishment of the tax on property income, the establishment of the Central Bank, creation of social security funds, etc. A little Chilean History . Díaz, J.; Lüders. Due to the Caso Degollados ("slit throats case"), in which three Communist party members were assassinated, César Mendoza, member of the junta since 1973 and representants of the carabineros, resigned in 1985 and was replaced by Rodolfo Stange. Portales was an agnostic who said that he believed in the clergy but not in God. He organized an expedition that brought him to central Chile in 1537, but he found little of value to compare with the gold and silver of the Incas in Peru. This page was last edited on 19 February 2021, at 21:05. CIA involvement in the coup is documented. 1910-1914: Chile operates as a parliamentary republic, protecting the interests of the ruling oligarchy. Interview by Denis Rogatyuk. Despite the country's good economic performance, life remains particularly hard for a large part of the population (12 or 14-hour working days for workers, very low wages, illiteracy of more than 50% in the years 1900–1910, etc.). The protests that broke out in Chile this October have seen the biggest wave of social struggle since the end of Augusto Pinochet’s dictatorship — and a revolt against the political and social order bequeathed by his regime. [11], The first European to sight Chilean territory was Ferdinand Magellan, who crossed the Strait of Magellan on November 1, 1520. Although it had a shaky past and political history, Chile proudly boasts one of the highest per capita living standards in all of Latin America. The takeover of the government ended a 46-year history of democratic rule in Chile. Chile won its formal independence when San Martín defeated the last large Spanish force on Chilean soil at the Battle of Maipú on April 5, 1818. 1970 - Salvador Allende becomes world's first democratically elected Marxist president and embarks on an extensive programme of nationalisation and radical social reform. On 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by an 8.8 MW earthquake, the fifth largest ever recorded at the time. He was dismissed by a vote of Parliament and pressure from part of the army. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of Cal. When the era of the parliamentary republic began in 1891, the struggle between liberals (pipiolos) and conservatives (pelucones) had already evolved due to the emergence of a multi-party system. Left with the impression that the inhabitants of the area were poor, he returned to Peru, later to be garotted following defeat by Hernando Pizarro in a Civil War. In 1912 he founded the Socialist Workers Party. His political program enjoyed support from merchants, large landowners, foreign capitalists, the church, and the military. Mapuche If that's not enough, click over to our collection of world maps and flags. [54] The central bank took over foreign debts. 2009 February - President Bachelet makes the first visit to Cuba by a Chilean leader in almost four decades. In: P. Mirowski, D. Plehwe (Hrsg. But under orders of Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón, he was arrested there, attracting worldwide attention, not only because of the history of Chile and South America, but also because this was one of the first arrests of a former president based on the universal jurisdiction principle. The Great Uprising of 1598 swept all Spanish presence south of the Bío-Bío River except Chiloé (and Valdivia which was decades later reestablished as a fort), and the great river became the frontier line between Mapuche lands and the Spanish realm. The so-called Parliamentary Republic was not a true parliamentary system, in which the chief executive is elected by the legislature. He received 36% of the votes, the highest percentage among all 8 candidates. The Portalian president was General Joaquín Prieto, who served two terms (1831–1836, 1836–1841). It achieved relative political stability, and set about rapid development of agriculture, mining, industry and commerce. 1807 – Spain loses its economic and political power. His administration concentrated on the occupation of the territory, especially the Strait of Magellan and the Araucanía. In the 1870s, the church influence started to diminish slightly with the passing of several laws that took some old roles of the church into the State's hands such as the registry of births and marriages. After several efforts, Spanish troops from Peru took advantage of the internecine strife to reconquer Chile in 1814, when they reasserted control by the Battle of Rancagua on October 12. It carries unmistakable echoes of a problem that is at the center of political conflict all over the developed world. A SHORT HISTORY OF CHILE. Chile also temporarily resolved its border disputes with Argentina with the Puna de Atacama Lawsuit of 1899, the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina and the 1902 General Treaty of Arbitration, though not without engaging in an expensive naval arms race beforehand. No elaborate, centralized, sedentary civilization reigned supreme. Toward the end of the 19th century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by persistently suppressing the Mapuche during the Occupation of the Araucanía. [65], Chile achieved global recognition for the successful rescue of 33 trapped miners in 2010. 1988 plebiscite and reform of the Constitution. His reform legislation was finally rammed through Congress under pressure from younger military officers, who were sick of the neglect of the armed forces, political infighting, social unrest, and galloping inflation, whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress. At the outset the junta received the support of the oligarchy and of a sizable part of the middle class. In the medium term, Chile needs to reach political consensus on a policy response to social demands, while not eroding Chile’s traditionally sound macroeconomic management. Chile Table of Contents Development and Breakdown of Democracy, 1830-1973. It is now believed the Patagons were actually Tehuelches with an average height of 1.80 m (~5′11″) compared to the 1.55 m (~5′1″) average for Spaniards of the time. Nonetheless, The Economist Intelligence Unit expects the free-market principles of free trade and foreign investor friendliness to be retained. Chile in the 21st century Democratic systems continued to strengthen in Chile in the 21st century, and in 2000 Ricardo Lagos of the CPD was elected the country’s first socialist president since Allende. [53] In 1982 the two biggest banks were nationalized to prevent an even worse credit crunch. Chile also wanted to become the dominant South American military and commercial power along the Pacific. However, these results were not sustainable and in 1972 the Chilean escudo had runaway inflation of 140%. At first people lived by hunting and gathering but in North Chile they were farming by 2,500 BC. In recent years, however, particularly when the authoritarian regime of Augusto Pinochet is taken into consideration, some scholars have reevaluated the Parliamentary Republic of 1891–1925. He is the editor of Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and Neoliberalism in … Background of Chile. In addition, Nixon gave instructions to make the Chilean economy scream,[27] and international financial pressure restricted economic credit to Chile. In order to preempt Ross's victory, the National Socialists mounted a coup d'état that was intended to take down the rightwing government of Arturo Alessandri Palma and place Ibáñez in power. He allowed the peso to float and reinstated restrictions on the movement of capital in and out of the country. Then, after his last and remarkable radio address, he shot himself rather than becoming a prisoner. Joint public-private public works projects helped reduce unemployment. Under these new policies, the rate of inflation dropped:[50], A new constitution was approved by plebiscite characterized by the absence of registration lists, on September 11, 1980, and General Pinochet became president of the republic for an 8-year term. He won plaudits for defeating royalists and founding schools, but civil strife continued. The demand for Chile’s chief export, nitrate, rose greatly with the coming of the World War 1, but advances during the war led to the development of synthetic nitrates. Already facing the conservative aristocracy, he alienated the bankers. This procedure had previously been a near-formality, yet became quite fraught in 1970. View Chilean Political History Research Papers on Academia.edu for free. A high volume of nitrate exports fuels a strong economy, which in … Senior Seminar Honors. The struggle for independence was a war within the upper class, although the majority of troops on both sides consisted of conscripted mestizos and Native Americans. They returned Alessandri to the presidency that March and enacted his promised reforms by decree. O'Higgins insisted on supporting that campaign because he realized that Chilean independence would not be secure until the Spaniards were routed from the Andean core of the empire. What is happening in Chile in 1960CE. ... 1823 – Conservatives and liberals emerge as the two main political parties in Chile. Throughout its history, however, Chile has depended on great external powers for economic exchange and political influence: Spain in the colonial period, Britain … The territory of Chile has been populated since at least 3000 BCE. Augusto Pinochet (November 25, 1915–December 10, 2006) was an army officer and dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990. Some repressions kill hundreds of people. His attempt to devise a constitution in 1818 that would legitimize his government failed, as did his effort to generate stable funding for the new administration. From 1906 onwards, the Radical Party demanded social reforms and the establishment of a democratic regime. [9], The Argentine portion of Patagonia includes the provinces of Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz, as well as the eastern portion of Tierra del Fuego archipelago. The Senate is made up of 50 members elected from regions or subregions. The same problem arose, several years later, with the Valech Report, released in 2004 and which counted almost 30,000 victims of torture, among testimonies from 35,000 persons. [60], The Concertación coalition has continued to dominate Chilean politics for last two decades. Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a two-chamber congress on December 14, 1989. Chile: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations Congressional Research Service Summary Chile has maintained friendly relations with the United States since its transition back to civilian democratic rule in 1990. It carries unmistakable echoes of a problem that is at the center of political conflict all over the developed world. ;[45][46] this figure includes individuals killed, tortured or exiled, and their immediate families. 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