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Image via NASA/ JPL-Caltech / Univ. The ice was found in a total of five locations. Mars Global Surveyor and the rovers Spirit and Opportunity have since ceased to function. Three cameras, two spectrometers and a radar are included on the orbiter along with two "science-facility instruments", which use data from engineering subsystems to collect science data. Areas around Valles Marineris were found to contain hydrated silica and hydrated sulfates. NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) implemented Ka-band receiving capabilities at all three of its complexes (Goldstone, Canberra and Madrid) over its 34-m beam-waveguide (BWG) antenna subnet. On October 6, NASA released detailed pictures from the MRO of Victoria crater along with the Opportunity rover on the rim above it. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is a spacecraft designed to study the geology and climate of Mars, provide reconnaissance of future landing sites, and relay data from surface missions back to Earth. In addition to protocol controlled inter-spacecraft data links of 1 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s, Electra also provides Doppler data collection, open loop recording and a highly accurate timing service based on a 5e−13 USO. ... HiRISE acquires surface images containing individual, football-size (30cm to … rocks and dust); a strong reflection from the top and base of LDAs was observed, suggesting that pure water ice makes up the bulk of the formation (between the two reflections). It captured an image via the HiRISE camera of the Curiosity Rover descending with its backshell and supersonic parachute. HiRISE continues to return images that have enabled discoveries regarding the geology of Mars. All of the scientific instruments were tested and most were turned off prior to the solar conjunction that occurred from October 7 to November 6, 2006. Both missions have been extended. The Electra communications package is a UHF software-defined radio (SDR) that provides a flexible platform for evolving relay capabilities. View larger. The crater is 6 meters in diameter and located in Cebrenia quadrangle. Each battery has an energy storage capacity of 50 ampere hours (180 kC). This was done in such a way so as to not heat the spacecraft too much, but also dip enough into the atmosphere to slow the spacecraft down. Different types of clays (also called phyllosilicates) were found in many locations. Its main antenna is a 10 feet (3 meters) diameter dish. NASA's HiRISE Camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has discovered an intriguing cave during its mission to catalogue the Red Planet's alien … Mars is a dry desert world, covered in reddish sand. It is expected MRO will obtain about 5,000 images per year. Dust Devil Dance. Russell, P. et al. TOOLKIT, It's the first time machine learning has been used to find previously unknown craters on the Red Planet. Two to five of the mineral classes were formed with the right pH and sufficient water to permit life to grow. [3] Of this amount, $416.6 million was spent on spacecraft development, approximately $90 million for its launch, and $210 million for 5 years of mission operations. [9] The Centaur upper stage of the rocket completed its burns over a fifty-six-minute period and placed MRO into an interplanetary transfer orbit towards Mars. CTX mapped 50% of Mars by February 2010. Each wheel is used for one axis of motion. It operates from 370 to 3920 nm, measures the spectrum in 544 channels (each 6.55 nm wide), and has a resolution of 18 m (59 ft) at an altitude of 300 km (190 mi). [42], The Mars Color Imager (MARCI) is a wide-angle, relatively low-resolution camera that views the surface of Mars in five visible and two ultraviolet bands. On August 6, 2012 (sol 2483), the orbiter passed over Gale crater, the landing site of the Mars Science Laboratory mission, during its EDL phase. In October 2000, NASA announced its reformulated Mars plans, which reduced the number of planned missions and introduced a new theme: "follow the water". Radar results from SHARAD suggested that features termed lobate debris aprons (LDAs) contain large amounts of water ice. Get ready to land on Mars with the Perseverance rover. MRO has both scientific and "mission support" objectives. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is powered by two large solar panels give MRO a wingspan the length of a school bus that can produce about 2,000 watts of electricity. View [50] It is designed to communicate with other spacecraft as they approach, land, and operate on Mars. HiRISE's onboard computer reads these lines in time with the orbiter's ground speed, and images are potentially unlimited in length. The titanium fuel tank takes up most of the volume and mass of the spacecraft and provides most of its structural integrity. This map provides a weekly weather report for Mars, helps to characterize its seasonal and annual variations, and maps the presence of water vapor and ozone in its atmosphere. On August 4, 2011 (sol 2125), NASA announced that MRO had detected what appeared to be flowing salty water on the surface or subsurface of Mars. Since 2011, MRO's annual operations costs are, on average, $31 million per year, when adjusted for inflation. 2009. Tables stored in flash memory aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) tell locations of Earth and the sun for the past 10 years, but not their locations next year. In November 2006, after five months of aerobraking, it entered its final science orbit and began its primary science phase. This set a new record for the most operational spacecraft in the immediate vicinity of Mars. It has also been specifically designed to minimize any vibrations on the spacecraft, so as to allow its instruments to take images without any distortions caused by vibrations.[67]. In September 2006 MRO fired its thrusters twice more to fine-tune its final, nearly circular orbit to approximately 250 to 316 km (155 to 196 mi) above the Martian surface, with a period of about 112 minutes. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter The cover image is an artist’s rendition of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) as its orbit carries it over the Martian pole. Its primary goals are to map the Martian surface with a high-resolution telescopic camera, at least partly to help select sites for future landing missions. [34] HiRISE collects images in three color bands, 400 to 600 nm (blue-green or B-G), 550 to 850 nm (red) and 800 to 1,000 nm (near infrared or NIR).[35]. Seventy percent of the propellant was used for orbital insertion,[65] and it has enough propellant to keep functioning into the 2030s. The Ka downlink is the only remaining backup for this functionality, and since the Ka-band capability of one of the SDST transponders has already failed,[62] (and the other might have the same problem) JPL decided to halt all Ka-band demonstrations and hold the remaining capability in reserve. [4], After the twin failures of the Mars Climate Orbiter and the Mars Polar Lander missions in 1999, NASA reorganized and replanned its Mars Exploration Program. SHARAD uses HF radio waves between 15 and 25 MHz, a range that allows it to resolve layers as thin as 7 m (23 ft) to a maximum depth of 1 km (0.6 mi). First, during its first five orbits of the planet (one Earth week), MRO used its thrusters to drop the periapsis of its orbit into aerobraking altitude. HiRISE was able to photograph the Phoenix lander during its parachuted descent to Vastitas Borealis on May 25, 2008 (sol 990). October 12, 2020. An image from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter shows a possible lava tube on Mars near the southern flank of the Martian volcano Arsia Mons. [40] The camera was built, and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems. Although moon imaging is not mission critical, it was included as a technology test for future orbiting and landing of spacecraft. Usually chlorides are the last minerals to come out of solution. [53], Workers at Lockheed Martin Space Systems in Denver assembled the spacecraft structure and attached the instruments. Three technology experiments will test and demonstrate new equipment for future missions. Due to its critical role as a high-speed data-relay for ground missions, NASA intends to continue the mission as long as possible, at least through the late 2020s. [68], An article in the journal Science in September 2009,[69] reported that some new craters on Mars have excavated relatively pure water ice. Osterloo, M. et al. [60], Two smaller low-gain antennas are also present for lower-rate communication during emergencies and special events, such as launch and Mars Orbit Insertion. When MRO entered orbit, it joined five other active spacecraft that were either in orbit or on the planet's surface: Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Express, 2001 Mars Odyssey, and the two Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity). The Context Camera (CTX) provides grayscale images (500 to 800 nm) with a pixel resolution up to about 6 m (20 ft). After being exposed, the ice gradually fades as it sublimates away. HiRISE was built by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. [43] The camera was built and is operated by Malin Space Science Systems. [57], MRO's main computer is a 133 MHz, 10.4 million transistor, 32-bit, RAD750 processor. The package also includes sensitive onboard accelerometers used to deduce the in situ atmospheric density of Mars during aerobraking.[49]. [31], Three cameras, two spectrometers and a radar are included on the orbiter along with two "science-facility instruments", which use data from engineering subsystems to collect science data. [57], MRO has two rechargeable nickel-hydrogen batteries used to power the spacecraft when it is not facing the Sun. Velocity changes are detected by measuring doppler shifts in MRO's radio signals received on Earth. Other minerals found on Mars were jarosite, alunite, hematite, opal, and gypsum. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter itself continues to have a prolific career in orbit around the Red Planet. Three technology experiments will test and demonstrate new equipment for future missions. Each spacecraft was composed of two main parts: an orbiter designed to photograph the surface of Mars from orbit, and a lander designed to study the planet from the surface. (2008). Supersonic parachute and backshell visible. Radar Map of Buried Mars Layers Matches Climate Cycles. A stepping mechanism in the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) skipped on multiple occasions resulting in a field of view that is slightly out of position. The first signals following its reappearance reached Earth at about 22:16 UT (5:16 EST). of Arizona. [30] InSight was delayed and missed the 2016 launch window, but was successfully launched during the next window on May 5, 2018 and landed on November 26, 2018. This instrument, supplied by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, utilizes technological advances to achieve the measurement objectives of a heavier, larger instrument originally developed at JPL for the 1992 Mars Observer and 1998 Mars Climate Orbiter missions. Each day, MARCI collects about 84 images and produces a global map with pixel resolutions of 1 to 10 km (0.62 to 6.21 mi). During the cruise phase, spacecraft Ka-band telemetry was tracked 36 times by these antennas proving functionality at all antennas. Subsurface features will have to be of the order of these dimensions for them to be observable. These thrusters were originally designed for the Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander. On September 29, 2006 (sol 402), MRO took its first high resolution image from its science orbit. These antennas do not have focusing dishes and can transmit and receive from any direction. [17][18] The SHARAD radar antennas were deployed on September 16. [12], MRO began orbital insertion by approaching Mars on March 10, 2006, and passing above its southern hemisphere at an altitude of 370–400 kilometers (230–250 mi). Of interest from the days of the Viking Orbiters, these LDA are aprons of material surrounding cliffs. [50] It is designed to communicate with other spacecraft as they approach, land, and operate on Mars. Each MIMU is a combination of three accelerometers and three ring-laser gyroscopes. On November 17, 2006 NASA announced the successful test of the MRO as an orbital communications relay. It has a horizontal resolution of 0.3 to 3 km (0.2 to 1.9 mi). Long-lived spacecraft need to guard against failures of aging hardware and the effects of the harsh space … Opportunity is on its way to Endeavour Crater, 17 km (11 mi) away at this point. The total cost of the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter through the end of its prime mission was $716.6 million. CTX is designed to provide context maps for the targeted observations of HiRISE and CRISM, and is also used to mosaic large areas of Mars, monitor a number of locations for changes over time, and to acquire stereo (3D) coverage of key regions and potential future landing sites. The Viking program consisted of a pair of American space probes sent to Mars, Viking 1 and Viking 2. [79][80], Missions are ordered by launch date. Since then, the spacecraft has returned 371 terabits of data. MRO's Shallow Subsurface Radar (SHARAD) experiment is designed to probe the internal structure of the Martian polar ice caps. While en route most of the scientific instruments and experiments were tested and calibrated. – Use of MRO Optical Navigation Camera .. (2012), NASA's Next Mars Probe Takes Aim at Red Planet, "Spacecraft Parts: Command and Data-Handling Systems", "CSAM Augments X-Ray Inspection of Die Attach (MRO Ka-Band Anomaly)", "Prolific NASA Mars Orbiter Passes Big Data Milestone", "NASA to rely on Mars programme's silent workhorse for years to come", "Spacecraft Parts: Guidance, Navigation, and Control Systems". Each wheel weighs 10 kg (22 lb) and can be spun as fast as 100 Hz or 6,000 rpm. This artist’s concept shows NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission over the red planet. They are an important backup system to ensure that MRO can always be reached, even if its main antenna is pointed away from the Earth. Evidence suggests that the deposits were formed from the evaporation of mineral enriched waters. Each solar panel measures 5.35 m × 2.53 m (17.6 ft × 8.3 ft) and has 9.5 m2 (102 sq ft) covered with 3,744 individual photovoltaic cells. They have a convex topography and a gentle slope; this suggests flow away from the steep source cliff. [18][36] To facilitate the mapping of potential landing sites, HiRISE can produce stereo pairs of images from which topography can be calculated to an accuracy of 0.25 m (9.8 in). It also gathers planet-wide information about underground layers of ice, rock and possibly liquid water that might be accessible from the surface. Red color images are 20,264 pixels across (6 km (3.7 mi) wide), and B-G and NIR are 4,048 pixels across (1.2 km (0.75 mi) wide). After the conjunction ended the "primary science phase" began. ... with collapse sites 300 to 700 times the size … Doppler information on landed vehicles will also enable scientists to accurately determine the surface location of Mars landers and rovers. After the process was complete, MRO used its thrusters to move its periapsis out of the edge of the Martian atmosphere on August 30, 2006.[15][16]. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter reached Mars and went into orbit on 10 March 2006. MCS observes the atmosphere on the horizon of Mars (as viewed from MRO) by breaking it up into vertical slices and taking measurements within each slice in 5 km (3.1 mi) increments. [59], Data is stored in a 160 Gb (20 GB) flash memory module consisting of over 700 memory chips, each with a 256 Mbit capacity. [59], The Telecom Subsystem on MRO is the best digital communication system sent into deep space so far, and for the first time used capacity-approaching turbo-codes. [74] Based on the experiments of the Phoenix lander and the studies of the Mars Odyssey from orbit, water ice is known to exist just under the surface of Mars in the far north and south (high latitudes). [78] On September 28, 2015, this finding was confirmed at a special NASA news conference. The plans included a newly christened Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to launch in 2005. "NASA to Hold Teleconference to Discuss New Findings About Mars", "NASA Spacecraft Detects Buried Glaciers on Mars", http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3733.pdf, "NASA Says Signs of Liquid Water Flowing on Mars", Planetary Society coverage of the MRO mission, Commercial Orbital Transportation Services, Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey, Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C), Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter&oldid=998506247, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. On March 30, 2006, MRO began the process of aerobraking, a three-step procedure that cuts in half the fuel needed to achieve a lower, more circular orbit with a shorter period. Rocks containing carbonate were found around the Isidis basin. In addition, lobate debris aprons can show surface lineations just as rock glaciers on the Earth. A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. All mars reconnaissance orbiter posters are produced on-demand using archival inks, ship within 48 hours, and include a 30-day money-back guarantee. Sulfates and silica have been found by the Mars rovers on the surface. The research suggests that lakes may have been scattered over large areas of the Martian surface. The instrument takes pictures 30 km (19 mi) wide and has enough internal memory to store an image 160 km (99 mi) long before loading it into the main computer. There were no major setbacks during MRO's construction, and the spacecraft was shipped to John F. Kennedy Space Center on May 1, 2005 to prepare it for launch.[7]. [19] In November, problems began to surface in the operation of two MRO spacecraft instruments. | Sand dunes and ripples in Proctor Crater on Mars, as seen by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on February 9, 2009. [65], Four reaction wheels are also used for precise attitude control during activities requiring a highly stable platform, such as high-resolution imaging, in which even small motions can cause blurring of the image. [63], By November 2013, the MRO had passed 200 terabits in the amount of science data returned. It is a spectrometer with one visible/near infrared channel (0.3 to 3.0 μm) and eight far infrared (12 to 50 μm) channels selected for the purpose. Each 16.4 Gb image is compressed to 5 Gb before transmission and release to the general public on the HiRISE website in JPEG 2000 format. These new craters were found and dated by the CTX camera, and the identification of the ice was confirmed with the Compact Imaging Spectrometer (CRISM) on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Murchie, S. et al. In comparison, satellite images of Earth are generally available with a resolution of 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in), and satellite images on Google Maps are available to 1 m (3 ft 3 in). [75], In 2009, a group of scientists from the CRISM team reported on 9 to 10 different classes of minerals formed in the presence of water. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is a large orbiter, modeled in part on NASA’s highly successful Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft, designed to photograph Mars from orbit. The data returned by the mission is more than three times the total data returned via NASA's Deep Space Network for all the other missions managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory over the past 10 years. MORE, Marking its 15th anniversary since launch, one of the oldest spacecraft at the Red Planet has provided glimpses of dust devils, avalanches, and more. Results published in 2009 of radar measurements of the north polar ice cap determined that the volume of water ice in the cap is 821,000 cubic kilometers (197,000 cu mi), equal to 30% of the Earth's Greenland ice sheet. The white dots are places where the rover stopped to perform scientific observations or turned. [51] The Optical Navigation Camera was tested successfully in February and March 2006. The Curiosity rover during atmospheric entry as seen by HiRISE on August 6, 2012. Fuel pressure is regulated by adding pressurized helium gas from an external tank. [37] [20] Also, an increase in noise and resulting bad pixels has been observed in several CCDs of the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE). The Gravity Field Investigation Package measures variations in the Martian gravitational field through variations in the spacecraft's velocity. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) on NASA kosmosesond, mis uurib Marssi.Sondi juhib NASA nimel JPL ja see maksis 720 miljonit USA dollarit.Missioon pidi algselt kestma kaks aastat, kuid see on kestnud üle 10 aasta.. MRO startis Marsile 12. augustil 2005 ja jõudis Marsi orbiidile 10. märtsil 2006.Lõplikule orbiidele jõudis see novembris 2006 ja seejärel alustas sond planeedi uurimist. (NASA/JPL) Mission Status Report. These dark features on … The prime science mission was designed to last from November 2006 to November 2008, and the mission support phase from November 2006 - November 2010. Foremost among these is the announcement of banded terrain observations indicating the presence and action of liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) or water on the surface of Mars in its recent geological past. On August 12, NASA shared images of Red Planet taken by the HiRISE camera aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) to mark the 15th anniversary of orbiter since launch. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is an important tool for scientists studying the red planet. [22] While engineers have not determined the cause of the recurrent resets, they have created new software to help troubleshoot the problem should it recur. Using the NASA rover Spirit as the point of origin for the transmission, the MRO acted as a relay for transmitting data back to Earth. NASA reported that the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter,[24] as well as the Mars Odyssey Orbiter[25] and MAVEN orbiter[26] had a chance to study the Comet Siding Spring flyby on October 19, 2014. Buy mars reconnaissance orbiter posters designed by millions of artists and iconic brands from all over the world. [27][28], On July 29, 2015, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter was placed into a new orbit to provide communications support during the anticipated arrival of the InSight Mars lander mission in September 2016. Sign. Keith Cowing, September 22, 2009. Instruments were constructed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory in Tucson, Arizona, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, the Italian Space Agency in Rome, and Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego. [11] However, only three trajectory correction maneuvers were necessary, which saved 60 pounds (27 kg) of fuel that would be usable during MRO's extended mission. [44], The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument is a visible and near infrared (VNIR) spectrometer that is used to produce detailed maps of the surface mineralogy of Mars. A satellite sent to Mars to find water revealed a more Earth-like planet than scientists previously suspected. Journal of Geophysical Research: 114. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission Takes Shape Date: January 20, 2005 Source: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory Summary: Even as the Spirit … Furthermore, such areas could preserve traces of ancient life. The reduced pressure caused the engine thrust to be diminished by 2%, but MRO automatically compensated by extending the burn time by 33 seconds.[13]. "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is the next step in our ambitious exploration of Mars," said NASA's director, Mars Exploration Program, Science Mission Directorate, Douglas McCuistion. The orbiter continued to experience recurring problems in 2009, including four spontaneous resets, culminating in a four-month shut-down of the spacecraft from August to December. The powerful probe began circling Mars on March 10, 2006 and is … [52] There is a proposal to search for small moons, dust rings, and old orbiters with it. But the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is best known for the amazing images it beams-back to Earth. Celebrate Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's Views From Above Marking its 15th anniversary since launch, one of the oldest spacecraft at the Red Planet has provided glimpses of … Download Booklet [2] The cost to develop and operate MRO through the end of its prime mission in 2010 was US$716.6 million. If its cameras have an angular resolution of o.2 arcsecond, what is the size of the smallest objects that the MRO can detect on the martian surface. Six large thrusters each produce 170 N (38 lbf) of thrust for a total of 1,020 N (230 lbf) meant mainly for orbital insertion. ›, One-Stop-Shopping for Upcoming Mars Landing, AI Is Helping Scientists Discover Fresh Craters on Mars, Celebrate Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's Views From Above, NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Undergoes Memory Update, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. [60], The Ka-band subsystem was used for demonstration purposes. Two star trackers, digital cameras used to map the position of catalogued stars, provide NASA with full, three-axis knowledge of the spacecraft orientation and attitude. These systems are all critically important to MRO, as it must be able to point its camera to a very high precision in order to take the high-quality pictures that the mission requires. October 12, 2020. Using the most powerful high-resolution camera ever sent to Mars, MRO produces stunning images that help scientists discern how geologic forces shaped the surface. On August 12, 2005, MRO was launched aboard an Atlas V-401 rocket from Space Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The signal that the orbit insertion burn started reached Earth at 21:24 UT (4:24 p.m. EST). [3], The spacecraft continues to operate at Mars, far beyond its intended design life. A primary and backup Miniature Inertial Measurement Unit (MIMU), provided by Honeywell, measures changes to the spacecraft attitude as well as any non-gravitationally induced changes to its linear velocity. Carbonates, sulfates, and silica should precipitate out ahead of them. Operation of this camera with a longer warm-up time has alleviated the issue. The Electra communications package is a UHF software-defined radio (SDR) that provides a flexible platform for evolving relay capabilities. However, the cause is still unknown and may return.[21]. MORE, The Mars as Art exhibition showcases selected images returned by Mars spacecraft. This memory capacity is not actually that large considering the amount of data to be acquired; for example, a single image from the HiRISE camera can be as large as 28 Gb. Carefully. Image of Phoenix landing on Mars, as seen by HiRISE. Three of the locations are in the Cebrenia quadrangle. Six medium thrusters each produce 22 N (4.9 lbf) of thrust for trajectory correction maneuvers and attitude control during orbit insertion. [55], MRO gets all of its electrical power from two solar panels, each of which can move independently around two axes (up-down, or left-right rotation). Practically however, their length is limited by the computer's 28 Gigabit (Gb) memory capacity, and the nominal maximum size is 20,000 × 40,000 pixels (800 megapixels) and 4,000 × 40,000 pixels (160 megapixels) for B-G and NIR images. The system consists of a very large (3 m (9.8 ft)) antenna, which is used to transmit data through the Deep Space Network via X-band frequencies at 8 GHz, and it demonstrates the use of the Ka band at 32 GHz for higher data rates. [10], MRO cruised through interplanetary space for seven and a half months before reaching Mars. The Optical Navigation Camera images the Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, against background stars to precisely determine MRO's orbit. Tracks of the rover Opportunity, as seen by HiRISE. CRISM is being used to identify minerals and chemicals indicative of the past or present existence of water on the surface of Mars. MARCI2-3, 13 April 2006, "Spacecraft Parts: Gravity Field Investigation Package", "The Electra Proximity Link Payload for Mars Relay Telecommunications and Navigation", "Spacecraft Parts: Optical Navigation Camera", "Optical Navigation Demonstration Near Mars Multimedia Feature", M. Adler, et al. This image is said to resolve items as small as 90 cm (3 feet) in diameter. [5], On October 3, 2001, NASA chose Lockheed Martin as the primary contractor for the spacecraft's fabrication. [6] By the end of 2001 all of the mission's instruments were selected. These materials include iron, oxides, phyllosilicates, and carbonates, which have characteristic patterns in their visible-infrared energy. Using data from Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, scientists have found widespread deposits of chloride minerals.

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