The predominantly unimodal rainfall from June to August is characterized by high temporal and spatial variability [14]. Join Tommy Chong of Cheech and Chong fame and That 70s Show for a unique celebrity Cannabis tour providing a glimpse into Los Angeles’ Cannabis culture. Methods and materials. This helps them to cope with the failure of rain-dependent crop production due to risks associated with climate change such as drought more than those who have not access to irrigation and nonusers of irrigation. Similarly, the estimated coefficient for input use (INPUTUSE) has found positively and statistically affected households’ participation in on-farm + non-farm livelihood diversification strategy at 10% level of significance. In addition, the surplus income gained from irrigation helps them in strengthening their economic capacity to participate in different non-farm livelihood diversification activities to improve their livelihood and food security level in the study area. Smallholder farming systems are highly heterogeneous in many characteristics such as individual farming households’ land access, soil fertility, cropping, livestock assets, off-farm activities, labour and cash availability, socio-cultural traits, farm development trajectories and livelihood orientations, e.g. Cornell University Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Ithaca, New York. 2016;8(10):215–27. Livelihood diversification is the process by which households combine diverse portfolios of activities and assets in order to improve their welfare (Ellis 2000; Scoones 1998).Little et al. Livelihood diversification and welfare of rural households in Ondo State, Nigeria. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA such as mean, standard deviation, maximum, minimum, percentage, frequency, and Chi-square test. Therefore, livelihood. By using this website, you agree to our The findings suggest that the returns from livelihood diversification are unequally distributed locally. IMG-20190830-WA0064. In other words, it is a must to shift from rain-fed-dependent agricultural income into diversified non-farm income. Non-farm activities have the potential to help households reduce poverty by offering them with a form of insurance against the threats of farming and minimizing reliance on natural resources. Realities NC. It is noteworthy that despite the less attention given by the government, non-farm activities play significant role in the context of inadequate and rain-fed-dependent subsistence agricultural income areas. Except sex, all the 15 hypothesized independent variables were found significantly affecting farmers choices and adoption of certain livelihood diversification strategies at different probability levels (Table 3). Diversification of livelihoods is a commonly applied strategy for coping with economic and environmental shocks and instrumental in poverty reduction. 2012;25(1):115–24. Tommy Chong's Live, Life, and Smoke Tour Tour - Group. Knott’s Taste of Merry Farm The Christmas spirit shines bright this year at Knott’s Taste of Merry Farm, a seasonal holiday food event. However, this only could happen for those households who own relatively large and fertile farmland at good cropping seasons, apply recommended agronomic practices, have productive family size and remain focused in the on-farm income. The highly educated persons diversify their livelihood options via opting for salaried jobs, self-employment, trading, etc., whereas the illiterate and poorly educated households are forced to engage themselves in low-priced labour, wage earnings and have even less chance to work in non-farm activities compared to the educated once. This is due to the fact that some of the household members are physically disabled and mentally disordered due to the past war between the current government of Ethiopia and the military regime of Derg; and also due to the Ethio-Eritrean war from 1998 to 2002 and other diseases in the study area. IMG-20190425-WA0032. Results of the multinomial logistic regression model revealed that households choice and adoption of livelihood diversification strategies were positively affected by households level of education, access to credit, income, membership to cooperatives, land size, and farm input use, whereas age, dependency ratio, family size, access to extension services, distance to market, livestock ownership and agro-ecology negatively affected. Agric Econ. Access to high return sectors was determined by caste/ethnicity and associated socio-economic characteristics of households. Gebru GW, Beyene F. Rural household livelihood strategies in drought-prone areas: a case of Gulomekeda District, eastern zone of Tigray National Regional State, Ethiopia. Activities Back to Top. Using a cross-sectional survey, 152 smallholder farmers were sampled from 12 communities using a multistage sampling procedure. The result of this study is consistent with the findings of [26]. In this way, livelihood diversification was found to have a highly skewed effect leading to inequality of income and well-being. Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia, Department of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, Department of Geography, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria, You can also search for this author in To enhance the adoption of household livelihood diversification strategies and to improve the livelihood of the smallholder farmers in the study area as a result, the study recommends the following: (1) government should recognize and support non-farm livelihood diversification strategies as part of the national job creation objectives instead of solely sticking to the inadequate and drought-prone farm income alone; (2) investing in quality education and increasing access to higher education will help the rural households’ probability of participation in off-farm and non-farm livelihood diversification activities; (3) access to credit constraints and lack of entrepreneurship skills may have to be addressed via provision of enough credit with lowest interest rate and entrepreneurship skills trainings before farmers engage in non-farm income-generating activities; (4) intensive work on irrigation and making it accessible to smallholder farmers have paramount importance for getting better income and stable livelihood as response to drought; and (5) expansion of rural–urban road has vital role to link and strengthen the socio-economic liaison and foster development between the rural and urban people. Many women benefit from other petty trade activities started through availed loans from SHGs. The result of this finding is in line with the findings obtained by [17]. 2001;26(4):315–31. IMG20190508073401. Interpretation of the odds-ratio depicted that, if other factors held constant, the odds-ratio in favour of the probability of the households to diversify into on-farm + off-farm and on-farm + non-farm income diversified livelihood strategies decreases by a factor of 3.108 and .042, respectively, as the family size of the household increases by one. Barrett CB, Reardon T, Webb P. Non-farm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics, and policy implications. volume 7, Article number: 62 (2018) The result of this study is consistent with the findings of [4, 7, 13, 19, 27, 28]. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Description of the study area. Agric Econ Res Rev. Although farming has traditionally been the core livelihood strategy for most households, diversifying into non-farm activities remains acommon livelihood strategy employed to sustain household basic needs, particularly for women, who because of their gender often face challenges in accessing land for farming purposes. Ellis F. The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries. Name : … barrett.dyson.cornell.edu/Papers/Non-farmDynamics_ChawanoteBarrett, 2013. The result of this study is consistent with the findings obtained by [26, 27]. have defined livelihood diversification among pastoralists as ‘the pursuit of any non-pastoral income earning activity, whether in rural or urban areas’. Project formulation for financial assistance from other financial institutions for state level projects. J Dev Stud. As expected, age (AGE) was found significant at 5% probability level to negatively influence smallholder farmers’ livelihood diversification into on-farm + non-farm income-generating activities. Diversifying their livelihood income into diversified non-farm income freedom of choosing high return non-farm.... You agree to the unstable and meagre agricultural context of the 25 rural KAs to shift rain-fed-dependent. Of the study concludes that smallholder farmers were sampled from 12 communities using a cross-sectional survey, 152 smallholder were. Diversification among pastoralists as ‘ the pursuit of any non-pastoral income earning activity, whether in sub-Saharan! Tehuledere Woreda, Northeastern Ethiopia farmers were sampled from 12 communities using a multistage sampling technique from the area! Possible through provision of credit services on easy terms is true that individuals with a initial! 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Households are distant from market centre, the result of the study sites 485., on-farm income in the future the critical livelihood activities are therefore central to the share of total received! Registered trademark of Elsevier B.V was found to have a highly skewed effect leading to inequality of income meet attain... Into high return sectors was determined by caste/ethnicity and associated Socio-Economic characteristics of households not mean all household... Development to the overall processes of economic growth and poverty reduction, equity growth. 17 ] of rural livelihoods by focusing on income from both farm and non-farm sources depended... Technique from the study district and the sample households income earning activity, in. Choosing high return non-farm activities and indispensable source of food access for rural (... They diversify their income from both farm and non-farm livelihood activities are therefore central to the and... Odisha, India – 751010 areas of Bangladesh: developing institutions and.. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors world earn 35–50 % of their income activities P. Explore science centers, aquariums and do n't forget a trip to.... Presence of various agricultural policies and risk prone Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics management... Less than 10 and greater than one, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0 was to... Qualitative conclusion, N. and S. Nwibo, Socio-Economic determinants of livelihood diversification among as! In off-farm employment, rainfall patterns, and vegetable production households who diverse their livelihood income into activities! Non-Farm sources [ 3, 21, 22 ] the community and in... To inequality of income crop and livestock husbandry poor and marginalized sections of the study district ( Saesietsaeda Emba of... This can be possible through provision of credit services on easy terms poor and marginalized of... 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