Read also : Climate change is shifting energy supply in Central Asia Third, the distribution of vegetation vulnerability with drought scale, duration, and intensity was analyzed to improve the understanding of vegetation response. Shukurov, E.D., and L.E. As of now, there is a water shortage in Central Asia that is aggravated by the growing population, environment load, and climate changes. ReferencesBagdasarova, V.A., and S.E. There is a legend that 40 beautiful young women were living in peace in this valley…. Scientifically and appropriately increasing vegetation coverage is an effective way to deal with the NDVI decrease, such as the restoration of Tugai forests in north-western China (Philipp et al 2014). Characteristic vegetation types include coniferous . Popov, V.A., and A.A. Tishkov. Types and Severity of ThreatsThe mountain forests of Gissaro-Alai play a crucial role in preventing wind and water erosion. Investigating early agriculture in Central Asia: new research at Jeitun, Turkmenistan - Volume 67 Issue 255. . Found in the Gissaro-Alai are a number of endemic Central Asian montane species that often are localized to specific mountain ranges. Response of vegetation to past climate changes in Central Asia. Orolbaeva. Results showed that both the duration and intensity of droughts were higher in the central, southwestern, and northeastern CA. Thus, the forest activity was more vulnerable to droughts with a time scale (>12 months) much longer than the vulnerable time scale of grasslands (6–12 months) (figures 6–7), in accordance with the findings in neighboring China (Li et al 2015, Zhang et al 2017). Mysl, Moscow [In Russian]. This volume represents the third in the series of illustrated lists of the plants of Central Asia. It presents a taxonomic account of the families of sedges, Araceae, duckweed and rushes in the vegetation of Central Asia. As a result, their optimal SPEI time scales varied with the growth period. Shrublands and grasslands were more vulnerable to drought at 6–12 months scale, while forests and savannas/woody savannas were more vulnerable at the 48 months scale. Accepted 18 May 2020 Multimedia stories on biodiversity. The drought vulnerabilities of forests and savannas/woody savannas generally increased with the time scale of the drought, while those of shrublands and grasslands increased to the scale of 12 months and then decreased. Table 1. The occurrence of secondary succession due to land use change has a strong impact on vegetation activity. eCollection 2021. Thus, the NDVI for the months from April–October was averaged to represent the growing season NDVI (NDVIgs). Figure 3. The mountains contribute to the semiarid and desert climates of Central Asia. And both vegetation types were less affected by water stress at time scales over two years, thus their optimal SPEI time scales were about 6–12 months. J Integr Plant Biol. Accele-rator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating methods were applied to bulk organic matter of the samples. You need an eReader or compatible software to experience the benefits of the ePub3 file format. Artemisia spp./Chenopodiaceae ratios and . A GIS-based Map Vegetation Map of the World at the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 15,000 BP) Global Atlas of Palaeovegetation Since the Last Glacial Maximum (Includes maps of Europe, Eurasia, Africa, Australasia, North America and South America / Quaternary Environments Network) Global Biodiversity : Species Numbers of Vascular Plants. Drought in Central Asia. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Res. Add a compass rose to the . The desert climatic and associated vegetation types are found in the trade wind deserts of the Arabian Peninsula, the deserts of Tibet, Mongolia, and the desert-like steppe-lands bordering the Caspian Sea. Syroyechkovsky, editors, Zapovedniki Srednej Azii i Kazakhstana (Reserves of Central Asia and Kazakhstan). Vegetation response to precipitation anomalies under different climatic and biogeographical conditions in China. Would you like email updates of new search results? Brilliant plantsman who, if you gave him an hour lead time, would be conversant in aquatic plants native to Lake Malawi and the nearby Great Rift Valley. Export citation and abstract This unique book is a collaborative effort between researchers at Rutgers University and colleagues from numerous institutions in Uzbekistan and . The Central Asia region is covered by vast desert ecosystems, where the characteristic of energy and water fluxes is different from other humid ecosystems. PMC Among them, only the SPEI both considers the supply-demand balance of water and can be calculated at different time scales (Vicente-Serrano et al 2010). In Transcaucasia, moist air from the Mediterranean Sea contributes to a subtropical climate zone. Once a region shrouded in mystery and best known for its trans-Asian commerce via the Silk Road, Central Asia today is an open, dynamic region connecting Eastern Europe with West Asia. Published by IOP Publishing Ltd, https://ecocast.arc.nasa.gov/data/pub/gimms/3g.v1/, https://glad.umd.edu/dataset/long-term-global-land-change, EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Wind and Marine Energy Systems and Structures, Forests (evergreen needleleaf forests, deciduous broadleaf forests, mixed forests), Shrublands (closed shrublands, open shrublands). Tienshan Mountains provide a large amount of water resources to the ecosystems in CA (Chen et al 2016). This book contains the papers presented at the plenary sessions of the Congress and a summary of the discussions engendered by them. We analyzed inter-annual trends in annual and seasonal vegetation activities in Central Asia from 1982 to 2003 and their correlation to climate variability using the NOAA/AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dataset and a gridded climate dataset. Published 15 July 2020 • After that, the distribution of vegetation vulnerability with drought duration and drought intensity was counted separately (figure 9). This research aimed at understanding the nature and extent of drought over the cropland regions of Central Asia with the help of spatiotemporal information from the region. This region is faced with adverse conditions, as much of the land is too dry or rugged for farming. Central Asian region is bounded in the east corner of the Greater Khingan Range and the Loess Plateau, and to the west - the Caspian Sea. This Guide is designed to provide coherent technical tools to Farmer Field Schools and extension service facilitators of conservation agriculture. Furthermore, the Guide is suitable for use within universities’ agriculture curricula. This introductory volume proposes and justifies a phytogeographic division of Central Asia. Then, this difference, called a anomaly, was used to detect the vulnerability of vegetation activity to drought. Table 2. ), while the diversity of ferns, horsetails, sedges and willows is very limited. When two of us (Jifi Kolbek, Miroslav Sriltek) were working in North Korea on the Czech Slovak field expeditions of the early 1990s, we did not think initially of comparing our results with the vegetation of surrounding areas or of writing ... Desert scrub. About 60 percent of the region consists of desert land, the principal deserts being the Karakum, occupying most of Turkmenistan, and the Kyzylkum, covering much of western Uzbekistan. Childukhtaron. These two types of vegetation distributed mainly in the northeastern mountainous region (figure 1), where the climate was relatively humid (figures 2(b)–(c)), and the heat resource was inadequate in spring and autumn. Only the areas with no change in vegetation types were analyzed, in order to avoid interference with changes in land use. Mysl: Moscow (in Russian). For example, the severe drought events in the 2000s occupied less than 1/3 of the CA but had strong negative impacts on the local vegetation growth (Xu et al 2016). Plants adapt to arid conditions in many ways. 1990. Aridity index corresponding to each humidity region. ), Brassicaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, various wild onions (Allium spp. By synthesizing for the first time what is currently known about the origins of agriculture in a large part of Central Asia, between the more fully investigated regions of southwest Asia and China, this book makes a unique contribution to ... In the Gissar Reserve the number of ibex was estimated in 1000 individuals as of 1999. Pages 272-282 in V. Y. Sokolov, and Y. Y. Syroyechkovsky, editors, Zapovedniki Srednej Azii i Kazakhstana (Reserves of Central Asia and Kazakhstan). As a result, droughts generally occur more frequency and are severe in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and central and southern parts of Kazakhstan (Ta et al 2018). Characteristic vegetation types include coniferous evergreen woodland of Juniperus species, ephemeroid herb vegetation, as well as unique fruit and relict nut forests. All these factors lead to dwindling fresh water supply. What countries does the Aral Sea border? Vegetation of Central Asia and Environs. 1998. Climatic change; Human activities; Hurst exponent; NDVI; Vegetation dynamics. The climate is arid with frequent droughts and an annual precipitation of 100 to 125 mm. Forests and savannas/woody savannas suffered fewer long-duration droughts during the study period (figure 9), thus how would they response to longer droughts in CA are still unclear. Unlike the forest ecosystem, which has a deep root system that can alleviate the vulnerability of ecosystems to instantaneous drought by drawing up ground water and holding plenty of moisture (Teuling et al 2010), the local grassland has a much smaller root system that is unable to withstand the effects of drought (Jackson et al 1996, Propastin et al 2008). There are 1200 vascular plant species in Ramit Reserve (Tajikistan) and 1500 in Gissar Reserve (Uzbekistan), with a high number of endemics often localized to specific mountain ranges. World Wildlife Fund Inc. is a nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization (tax ID number 52-1693387) under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The region's health resorts were a favorite destination of tourists until ethnic conflict made traveling there dangerous. The vulnerability (Negative normalized NDVI anomalies) were calculated for each drought and grid and then the statistic for each vegetation type. Asia makes up the eastern portion of the Eurasian supercontinent; Europe occupies the western portion. The modern Central Asian steppe-desert (A), characteristic plant families (B), and an altitudinal profile illustrating vegetation belts of the steppe subtypes (C). It is one of the driest areas in the world [ Josef et al., 1997] and is characterized by low vegetation coverage. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. They are the main forage source for livestock that supports the livelihood of resources-poor pastoral and agro-pastoral communities (Larbi et al., 2008). The aim of this paper is to present the vegetation dynamics of Central Asia as expressed by spatial and temporal variability in land surface phenology represented by a set of . Number 8 Careers. The drought vulnerability of vegetation in CA differed substantially among vegetation types. Thermal effects may aggravate or reduce the impact of moisture stress on vegetation health in CA, making the vegetation response more complicated (Guo et al 2018). Book Climate Change and Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration in Central Asia. MeSH View our inclusive approach to conservation. 'shanba' means Saturday and 'yak', 'du . Drought itself is affected by multiple factors and shows multi-dimensional characteristics (Ionita et al 2015, Kędzior and Zawadzki 2017), among which the time scale plays a key role in the vulnerability of vegetation activities to drought (Vicente-Serrano et al 2013), possibly due to the time-lag effects of vegetation to moisture variation (Wu et al 2015). Moreover, the frequency of short-term (4–6 months) droughts is also projected to increase (Sheffield and Wood 2007). Information of four vegetation types in CA. In the middle mountain belts, characteristic grasslands are dominated by Prangos pabularia, Ferula spp., Inula macrophylla, Crambe kotschyana, Paraligusticum discolor. © 2020 The Author(s). Turkmenistan is the only country in Central Asia with no foreign investment cement plants planned. Vegetation is "more sensitive to precipitation" than to temperature, says the study. Grass meadows are widespread at higher elevations of the Turkestan, Zaravshan, and Gissar ranges; fescue (Festuca alaica ) is a dominant bunchgrass species here. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China, Haoyu Deng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2503-0666, Yunhe Yin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7120-5690, Received 18 February 2020 Table 22-1. Citation Haoyu Deng et al 2020 Environ. The results indicate a significant increase in NDVI with a value of 11.35% over the . The soil can be a rich, fertile black with wildflowers as far as the eye can see. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Gissar reserve. World Regional Geography by Finlayson provides a concise and accessible introduction to the major concepts in Geography through an exploration of the world's regions. The vulnerability of vegetation activities in response to drought showed two patterns with the time scale of the drought. Valuable resource to students and researchers studying botany, ethnobotany, natural products, pharmacognosy and medicinal chemistry. Given that the CA may suffer longer and more intense droughts in the future (Dai 2013, Liu et al 2018), it is necessary to conduct researches on the vulnerability of forest or savannas/woody savannas to long-duration and intense droughts. While most of Central Asia is becoming drier, which can shorten the season, instances of increased precipitation seem to have also ended the season earlier. Uzbekistan is one of the most-populous Central Asian countries with 29.2 million inhabitants in 2015. However, the glacier catchments do not cover the western regions of CA where most of the shrublands and some of the grasslands were distributed (figure 1). © 2021 World Wildlife Fund. However, there are still uncertainties due to the low spatial resolution of the SPEI dataset, as well as the simple statistical methods for research. An immense range of vegetation is found in Asia, the result of the continent's wide diversity of latitude, elevation, and climate. PeerJ. ?here are many rock birds such as rock nuthatch (Sitta neumayer), wallcreeper (Tichodroma muraria), pied wheatear (Oenanthe pleschanka). July 2018. 1 Then, the drought intensity (averaged SPEI lower than −1.00 during a drought) and drought duration were analyzed as the characteristics of individual drought events. Drought is the main factor affecting vegetation degradation as a result of both increased temperature and decreased precipitation in the Kyzylkum Desert and the northern Ustyurt Plateau. In this study, the GS was considered to be the approximate period from April–October, consistent with some researches in CA (Gessner et al 2013, Alemu and Henebry 2016). The activities of shrublands generally showed negative responses to water stress except for the water stress at time scales ≤3 months. The results show that vegetation pixels significantly decreased for shrubs and sparse vegetation compared with those for the other vegetation types and that the degradation of sparse vegetation was more serious in the Karakum and Kyzylkum Deserts, the Ustyurt Plateau and the wetland delta of the Large Aral Sea than in other regions. The snow line also changes, from 3400 in the west to 4540 m in the east. Vegetation is highly sensitive to climate changes in arid regions. 2019 Feb 10;650(Pt 2):2051-2062. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.115. By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies. The book is structured into six core parts. The first part sets the scene and explains how the use of Aral basin water resources, primarily used for irrigation, have destroyed the Aral Sea. In the drought-concentrated regions, the climate was drying with a speed of 0.21 ± 0.22 units of the aridity index per decade due to the increasing potential evapotranspiration (25.19 ± 9.72 mm/10 years). A typically Central Asian composition of the Gissaro-Alai flora is expressed in predominance of Fabaceae (especially Astragalus spp. Further analysis of the vulnerability of vegetation to 12 months drought found that it generally increased with the increase of the drought magnitude (duration or intensity) to some peak values and then decreased. 2020 Feb 12;10(4):2196-2212. doi: 10.1002/ece3.6057. Flint, V.E., Y.D. Monthly distribution of the normalized NDVI anomalies (line + symbol) and the number of drought years (yellow column) for 4 vegetation types in Central Asia from 1982–2015. Desert scrub is mostly small trees and shrubs that can survive long periods without rain. Lines are derived from Pereladova’s mid-mountain zone of arid open woodlands and walnut-maple forests of the Gissaro-Darvas, Alai-Turkestanik and West Tian Shan regions. The adjustment of the market reduced the profitability of agriculture and animal husbandry, which has caused millions of people to move out of agricultural and pastoral areas (Behnke 2008, Zhou et al 2015). Table 3. Then the drought vulnerability of vegetation was analyzed based on four vegetation types according to the 2015 land cover types available in the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) global dataset (https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/) (figure 1, table 2). Here, we present a detailed study on the early Oligocene palaeobotanical record in Kazakhstan using various qualitative and quantitative techniques of . ), Asteraceae (especially Cousinia spp. Also, several national parks exist with more relaxed protection regime. of vegetation, studying o f its dynamics and feasibility to co ver the whole region of Central Asia with one da ta set and at the same time provide the op portunity of using historical data . The dramatic climate change has far-reaching impacts on vegetation in drylands such as Central Asia. Though the and except for two nuts from Tepe Yahya, Iran, it is un- grape might have grown wild along rivers, it could only known in the Near East until classical times (Zohary and have been grown under irrigation at Anau, Gonur, and Hopf 1994, p 180). editors. Other characteristic bird species include chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), Him?layan snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis), northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), wagtail (Motacilla), golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus), titmice (Parus, Remiz), sparrows (Passer), shrikes (Lanius), spotted flycatchers (Muscicapa), eastern turtle dove (Streptopelia orientalis), rock pigeon (Columba livia), wood pigeon (Columba palumbus) and thrush nightingales (Luscinia luscinia). Frequent strong winds and dust storms strongly influence the vegetation. Mammals of the USSR. Sokolov, and Y.Y. Asia is the largest of the world's continent s, covering approximately 30 percent of the Earth's land area. The 0.5° gridded monthly precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (ETO) from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) dataset (TS v4.03), which was interpolated from global meteorological observations (Harris et al 2014) and has been successfully used in the field of climate change (Yin et al 2017), were selected to analyze the background of the moisture condition in CA from 1982–2015. Interview, Plant, Sacred place, Tajikistan. Figure 2. ), Asteraceae (especially Cousinia spp. Environmental Research Letters, These variables had similar high-value concentration areas, indicating that the central, northeastern, and southwestern regions suffered a high number of long and severe droughts. During the past two centuries, a lot of the natural woodland in this ecoregion have been cleared for firewood and overgrazed by the increasing amount of domestic cattle, causing soil erosion. The C stock in Central Asia is under threat from dramatic climate change. This book is a part of the Sabkha Ecosystems series which was designed to provide information on sabkha ecosystems of different regions and to add to the collective knowledge available about saline ecosystems. In addition, forests and savannas/woody savannas were very vulnerable to high-intensity droughts (figure 9). doi: 10.7717/peerj.10747. In addition, urial faces threats from loss of habitat and grazing land due to competition from flocks of domestic livestock as the majority of land in the ecoregion is used for sheep pastures, in some areas year-round. ISBN: 978-3-319-99727-8. Zhou Y, Zhang L, Xiao J, Williams CA, Vitkovskaya I, Bao A. Sci Total Environ. Lett. The chapter authors are inventors and advocators of novel transferrable methods. The book starts with an analysis of the current state of water and land resources. Finally concrete proposals for the applicability of novel methods are given. Moreover, temperature is a controlling factor that influences the seasonal variation of vegetation greenness in the mountains and the Aral Sea basin. On the steppes, it can be both fiercely cold and deathly dry. Vegetation in Southwest and Central Asia is limited by the dry climate. This paper presents a detailed evaluation of Common Land Model (CoLM) at two eddy covariance (EC) sites in alkaline desert ecosystems over . For instance, the NDVI of natural vegetation in Central Asia exhibited an increasing trend at a rate of 0.004 per decade prior to 1998, after which the trends reversed and the NDVI decreased at a . Recent changes in social structures, accompanied by regional climate change, have caused substantial environmental changes leading . Justification of Ecoregion DelineationBoundary delineation of this ecoregion comes from Pereladova’s (1998) map of Central Asian ecosystems. Uzbekistan. BibTeX Project: Comparative study of Diversity . To find out more, see our, Browse more than 100 science journal titles, Read the very best research published in IOP journals, Read open access proceedings from science conferences worldwide. Current StatusCurrently, there are several specially protected areas (nature reserves) in this ecoregion: Kugitang in Turkmenistan; Zaamin and Gissar in Uzbekistan; and Ramit in Tajikistan. Examining long-term natural vegetation dynamics in the Aral Sea Basin applying the linear spectral mixture model. Keywords: Variance of vegetation coverage and its sensitivity to climatic factors in the Irtysh River basin. In Transcaucasia, moist air from the Mediterranean Sea contributes to a subtropical climate zone. Therefore, the response of vegetation to drought is a hotspot of research in CA (Aralova et al 2016, Seim et al 2016, Zhang et al 2016, Jiang et al 2017). Canada's Vegetation includes comprehensive sections on tundra, forest-tundra, boreal forest and mixed forest transition, prairie (steppe), Cordilleran environments in western North America, temperate deciduous forests, and wetlands. Studies have shown local glacier shrinkages under the influence of climate warming (Sorg et al 2012, Chen et al 2016), so the drought vulnerability of vegetation may be further increased in the future. This book is about desertification. The author describes vegetation degradation as a part of the integral process of desert ecosystem degradation in Central Asia under the impact of human activities. The NDVI has been widely used for indicating vegetation activities (Vicente-Serrano et al 2013, Zhao et al 2018). That, ungulate populations of Kugitang zapovednik - Turkmenistan ( Kugitang range ) dynamics its! No foreign investment cement plants planned extreme deserts in Central Asia is under threat from dramatic climate change a. 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